Horizontal gene transfer and microbial evolution: Is the Tree-of
... regions Exon shuffling can create a large number of different catalytic sites (see the maturation of the immune system) ...
... regions Exon shuffling can create a large number of different catalytic sites (see the maturation of the immune system) ...
Reaching the Biological Cure - Diabetes Research Institute
... The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the DRI’s submission to initiate a pilot clinical study to test islets transplanted into one of the platforms considered for a DRI BioHub – a “biodegradable scaffold.” The pilot trial, which is expected to be underway in 2014, will compare the omen ...
... The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the DRI’s submission to initiate a pilot clinical study to test islets transplanted into one of the platforms considered for a DRI BioHub – a “biodegradable scaffold.” The pilot trial, which is expected to be underway in 2014, will compare the omen ...
Hemolin development and its effect on malaria parasites
... succeeded best in life, accounting for more than one million different species [2]. This is proof that they have developed a potent and efficient immune system. It is noteworthy that despite the hundreds of millions of years between the separation of vertebrates and insects, their innate immune syst ...
... succeeded best in life, accounting for more than one million different species [2]. This is proof that they have developed a potent and efficient immune system. It is noteworthy that despite the hundreds of millions of years between the separation of vertebrates and insects, their innate immune syst ...
Complex Correlates of Protection After Vaccination
... nasopharynx, but in the lungs IgG antibody is important. In the case of the inactivated vaccine it is the IgG response that is critical, whereas the live attenuated vaccine does induce local IgA, and in a challenge study, protection was correlated both with serum and mucosal antibody [21, 22]. In mi ...
... nasopharynx, but in the lungs IgG antibody is important. In the case of the inactivated vaccine it is the IgG response that is critical, whereas the live attenuated vaccine does induce local IgA, and in a challenge study, protection was correlated both with serum and mucosal antibody [21, 22]. In mi ...
JSAS 2013
... mother’s immunological inertness as a cause of nonrejection of the fetus, the mother is not immunesuppressed during pregnancy, a condition that could indeed be harmful to her health, making it more susceptible to disease. The mother recognizes and reacts to the semi-allogeneic fetus “the foreigner”. ...
... mother’s immunological inertness as a cause of nonrejection of the fetus, the mother is not immunesuppressed during pregnancy, a condition that could indeed be harmful to her health, making it more susceptible to disease. The mother recognizes and reacts to the semi-allogeneic fetus “the foreigner”. ...
Complex Correlates of Protection After Vaccination
... nasopharynx, but in the lungs IgG antibody is important. In the case of the inactivated vaccine it is the IgG response that is critical, whereas the live attenuated vaccine does induce local IgA, and in a challenge study, protection was correlated both with serum and mucosal antibody [21, 22]. In mi ...
... nasopharynx, but in the lungs IgG antibody is important. In the case of the inactivated vaccine it is the IgG response that is critical, whereas the live attenuated vaccine does induce local IgA, and in a challenge study, protection was correlated both with serum and mucosal antibody [21, 22]. In mi ...
B Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunology
... undergo activation-induced cell death in response to BCR cross-linking. In contrast, naïve B cells proliferate upon antigen activation. Unlike naïve cells, transitional and prenaïve B cells also undergo spontaneous apoptosis when placed in culture without exogenous stimulatory signals. This predispo ...
... undergo activation-induced cell death in response to BCR cross-linking. In contrast, naïve B cells proliferate upon antigen activation. Unlike naïve cells, transitional and prenaïve B cells also undergo spontaneous apoptosis when placed in culture without exogenous stimulatory signals. This predispo ...
Epithelial antimicrobial peptides and proteins: their role in
... Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands KEYWORDS epithelium, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins, defensins, infection, inflammation ...
... Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands KEYWORDS epithelium, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins, defensins, infection, inflammation ...
Exploiting Amoeboid and Non-Vertebrate Animal Model Systems to Study the
... study of host–fungal interactions. Many of the virulence factors required for pathogenicity in mammals are also important for fungal survival during interactions with non-vertebrate hosts, suggesting that fungal virulence may have evolved, and been maintained, as a countermeasure to environmental pr ...
... study of host–fungal interactions. Many of the virulence factors required for pathogenicity in mammals are also important for fungal survival during interactions with non-vertebrate hosts, suggesting that fungal virulence may have evolved, and been maintained, as a countermeasure to environmental pr ...
Toll-like receptors in innate immunity
... both components have been characterized independently, and the main research interest in the immunology field has been confined to acquired immunity. In acquired immunity, B and T lymphocytes utilize antigen receptors such as immunoglobulins and T cell receptors to recognize non-self. The mechanisms ...
... both components have been characterized independently, and the main research interest in the immunology field has been confined to acquired immunity. In acquired immunity, B and T lymphocytes utilize antigen receptors such as immunoglobulins and T cell receptors to recognize non-self. The mechanisms ...
I , Apr. 2005, p. 2012–2019 Vol. 73, No. 4 ⫹0 doi:10.1128/IAI.73.4.2012–2019.2005
... immune response, we compared the murine pulmonary responses to infection with melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans cells. Infection with melanized cells resulted in a greater fungal burden during the early stages of infection and was associated with higher levels of interleukin-4 and M ...
... immune response, we compared the murine pulmonary responses to infection with melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans cells. Infection with melanized cells resulted in a greater fungal burden during the early stages of infection and was associated with higher levels of interleukin-4 and M ...
Tesi unita 08 - Padua@Research
... lesion. The infection also occurs when Treponema crosses the placenta to infect fetus in a pregnant woman. Of particular importance is the recognition that syphilis infection greatly increases the transmission and acquisition of HIV (Ficarra & Carlos, 2009). After the Second World War, the introduct ...
... lesion. The infection also occurs when Treponema crosses the placenta to infect fetus in a pregnant woman. Of particular importance is the recognition that syphilis infection greatly increases the transmission and acquisition of HIV (Ficarra & Carlos, 2009). After the Second World War, the introduct ...
Hepatitis B virus: from immunobiology to
... host’s innate immune system in the liver [7]. Indeed, by analysing the intrahepatic gene expression after infection with a monoclonal inoculum, the authors did not observe an induction of a type I IFN response in the liver in the early infection phase. This observation has been supported by studies ...
... host’s innate immune system in the liver [7]. Indeed, by analysing the intrahepatic gene expression after infection with a monoclonal inoculum, the authors did not observe an induction of a type I IFN response in the liver in the early infection phase. This observation has been supported by studies ...
Artificial Immune Systems
... eliminating the pathogen. This recognition and response process is vastly complicated with many of the details not yet properly understood. In mammals, the immune system can be classified into two components based on functionality: a less specific component termed innate immunity and a more specific ...
... eliminating the pathogen. This recognition and response process is vastly complicated with many of the details not yet properly understood. In mammals, the immune system can be classified into two components based on functionality: a less specific component termed innate immunity and a more specific ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute,
... Perhaps the most essential task for the immune system is to be able to distinguish what is to be regarded as friendly and what is to be regarded as dangerous. To solve this task, an array of receptors has evolved to recognize components that are essential and unique to microbes. An example is the ce ...
... Perhaps the most essential task for the immune system is to be able to distinguish what is to be regarded as friendly and what is to be regarded as dangerous. To solve this task, an array of receptors has evolved to recognize components that are essential and unique to microbes. An example is the ce ...
About and Key Statistics - American Cancer Society
... A related area of research is finding less-toxic treatments that have fewer serious longterm side effects, yet still cure as many patients as possible. New chemotherapy (chemo) combinations of as many as 10 different drugs are being studied. The reasoning behind this approach is that even though mor ...
... A related area of research is finding less-toxic treatments that have fewer serious longterm side effects, yet still cure as many patients as possible. New chemotherapy (chemo) combinations of as many as 10 different drugs are being studied. The reasoning behind this approach is that even though mor ...
Th17 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are compromised in
... since Th cell differentiation upon M. tuberculosis infection has been described to start in the ...
... since Th cell differentiation upon M. tuberculosis infection has been described to start in the ...
Review Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Leading Edge Sergei I. Grivennikov,
... a possible link between inflammation and cancer. Yet, it is only during the last decade that clear evidence has been obtained that inflammation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, and some of the underlying molecular mechanisms have been elucidated (Box 1) (Karin, 2006). A role for inflammation ...
... a possible link between inflammation and cancer. Yet, it is only during the last decade that clear evidence has been obtained that inflammation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, and some of the underlying molecular mechanisms have been elucidated (Box 1) (Karin, 2006). A role for inflammation ...
The Trojan exosome hypothesis - Gene
... viruses by (i) the selective proliferation of B cells that secrete neutralizing antibodies (primarily IgGs) able to block Env-mediated entry and (ii) the selective proliferation of virus-reactive T cell clones that detect and kill infected cells, amplify the antiviral immune response, and provide im ...
... viruses by (i) the selective proliferation of B cells that secrete neutralizing antibodies (primarily IgGs) able to block Env-mediated entry and (ii) the selective proliferation of virus-reactive T cell clones that detect and kill infected cells, amplify the antiviral immune response, and provide im ...
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... o Splenectomy – also for refractory, when corticosteroids fail o IVIg – may increase RBC survival by saturating Fc receptors on macrophages, can’t deal w/ RBC o Immunosuppressive therapy – including danazol, vinca alkaloids, rituximab Cold Agglutinin AIHA Physiology – usually IgM antibodies agains ...
... o Splenectomy – also for refractory, when corticosteroids fail o IVIg – may increase RBC survival by saturating Fc receptors on macrophages, can’t deal w/ RBC o Immunosuppressive therapy – including danazol, vinca alkaloids, rituximab Cold Agglutinin AIHA Physiology – usually IgM antibodies agains ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.