Ectopic lymphoid follicles - ORCA
... immune responses to invading pathogens.1 Here, the accumulation of foreign antigens within the highly organized cellular architecture of SLOs facilitates antigen presentation to T and B cells and the establishment of adaptive immunity. Encapsulated SLOs form at predetermined locations during embryon ...
... immune responses to invading pathogens.1 Here, the accumulation of foreign antigens within the highly organized cellular architecture of SLOs facilitates antigen presentation to T and B cells and the establishment of adaptive immunity. Encapsulated SLOs form at predetermined locations during embryon ...
New Insights on the Pathogenesis of Invasive Cryptococcus neoformans
... response to Cn infection. Treating infected animals with antibodies to GXM can enhance survival and reduce lung fungal burdens and serum GXM [8]. In addition, human antibodies are effective against disseminated cryptococcosis. Transgenic mice expressing human antibodies can develop a protective anti ...
... response to Cn infection. Treating infected animals with antibodies to GXM can enhance survival and reduce lung fungal burdens and serum GXM [8]. In addition, human antibodies are effective against disseminated cryptococcosis. Transgenic mice expressing human antibodies can develop a protective anti ...
Tumor-Associated Lymphatic Vessels Upregulate PDL1 to Inhibit T
... Apart from these drainage-related effects, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are also increasingly recognized as direct regulators of the immune system. LECs may act as nonprofessional APCs, expressing both MHC class I and class II molecules, which enable them to directly interact with T-cells and ...
... Apart from these drainage-related effects, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are also increasingly recognized as direct regulators of the immune system. LECs may act as nonprofessional APCs, expressing both MHC class I and class II molecules, which enable them to directly interact with T-cells and ...
Disparate developmental patterns of immune responses to bacterial
... in adult tissues16,18. We examined four critical developmental stages of rainbow trout: eyed eggs (EE), hatching fry (H), alevins at first feeding (FF) and three weeks later (3wFF) (Fig. 1A). Fish were sampled three days post-infection, when we anticipated that the transcriptome response would be we ...
... in adult tissues16,18. We examined four critical developmental stages of rainbow trout: eyed eggs (EE), hatching fry (H), alevins at first feeding (FF) and three weeks later (3wFF) (Fig. 1A). Fish were sampled three days post-infection, when we anticipated that the transcriptome response would be we ...
Prima BioMed Ltd (Form: 6-K, Received: 07/10/2015
... dollar milestone payment from GSK triggered a payment of approximately the same amount to the former owners of Immutep, so it was partly a “self-funding” transaction. All potential future GSK milestone payments, which are substantial, as well as all potential future royalties, will be retained by Pr ...
... dollar milestone payment from GSK triggered a payment of approximately the same amount to the former owners of Immutep, so it was partly a “self-funding” transaction. All potential future GSK milestone payments, which are substantial, as well as all potential future royalties, will be retained by Pr ...
Osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes stimulate autologous T cell
... some of these cartilage-related antigens elicit arthropathy in animal models (912). Most of these proteins are reported to be secreted from articular chondrocytes, and therefore it is suggested that a specific T cell immune response to the chondrocyte-related antigens may occur in the vicinity of th ...
... some of these cartilage-related antigens elicit arthropathy in animal models (912). Most of these proteins are reported to be secreted from articular chondrocytes, and therefore it is suggested that a specific T cell immune response to the chondrocyte-related antigens may occur in the vicinity of th ...
Population dynamics of immune repertoires
... which we describe now. The general idea behind this class of models is that one important signal for which lymphocytes compete comes from antigens. Strong antigenic recognition by mature lymphocytes generally triggers clonal expansion into effector and memory cells. These strong signals are usually ...
... which we describe now. The general idea behind this class of models is that one important signal for which lymphocytes compete comes from antigens. Strong antigenic recognition by mature lymphocytes generally triggers clonal expansion into effector and memory cells. These strong signals are usually ...
Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis
... triggered in the periphery or in the CNS. In the CNSextrinsic (peripheral) model, autoreactive T cells that are activated at peripheral sites — potentially through molecular mimicry 13–15, bystander activation or the co‑expression of T cell receptors (TCRs) with different specificities16 — traffic t ...
... triggered in the periphery or in the CNS. In the CNSextrinsic (peripheral) model, autoreactive T cells that are activated at peripheral sites — potentially through molecular mimicry 13–15, bystander activation or the co‑expression of T cell receptors (TCRs) with different specificities16 — traffic t ...
Chapter 9 Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is examined
... Among the most common causes of subacute or chronic lymphadenitis in children AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Dysfunction of cell-mediated immunity Serum sickness (type III hypersensitivity reaction) Immune complex disease Abnormalities (Cont.) Latex allergy type IV dermatitis (delayed hy ...
... Among the most common causes of subacute or chronic lymphadenitis in children AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Dysfunction of cell-mediated immunity Serum sickness (type III hypersensitivity reaction) Immune complex disease Abnormalities (Cont.) Latex allergy type IV dermatitis (delayed hy ...
African trypanosomiasis vaccine II 15-9-2012
... macrophages play a predominant role in the immunosuppression at the blood stage of infection by African trypanosomes [76,83,87,88,89,91,98,99]. The induction of suppressor macrophages and their effector mechanisms appear to be complex and are by no means sufficiently elucidated. Phagocytosis of whol ...
... macrophages play a predominant role in the immunosuppression at the blood stage of infection by African trypanosomes [76,83,87,88,89,91,98,99]. The induction of suppressor macrophages and their effector mechanisms appear to be complex and are by no means sufficiently elucidated. Phagocytosis of whol ...
The Antinociceptive Effect of Dexmedetomidine Modulates Spleen
... licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. ...
... licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. ...
No Slide Title
... According to the results of animal and in vitro studies, ReishiMax™ has been demonstrated to : • stimulate the formation of antibodies • stimulate the ability of proliferation of immune cells • modulate the function of Natural Killer Cells ReishiMax™ is intended for adults who wish to maintain a hea ...
... According to the results of animal and in vitro studies, ReishiMax™ has been demonstrated to : • stimulate the formation of antibodies • stimulate the ability of proliferation of immune cells • modulate the function of Natural Killer Cells ReishiMax™ is intended for adults who wish to maintain a hea ...
Reciprocity between Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells: Relevance to Polarized Immunity in Leprosy
... [5]. Biased cytokine production has also been documented at the lesional levels of both TT as well as LL forms of leprosy [6]. However, generation of Th1/Th2-like effector cells alone cannot fully explain the polarized state of immunity. Other subsets of T cells have been identified which play impor ...
... [5]. Biased cytokine production has also been documented at the lesional levels of both TT as well as LL forms of leprosy [6]. However, generation of Th1/Th2-like effector cells alone cannot fully explain the polarized state of immunity. Other subsets of T cells have been identified which play impor ...
ABATEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES AS A RESULT OF
... (compounds which are foreign to the organismal body), with receptor locations found primarily in the liver and kidney (though small amounts of receptors have been identified in the human brain and murine gastrointestinal tract) (Timsit and Negishi, 2007). The main mechanism of action for this pathwa ...
... (compounds which are foreign to the organismal body), with receptor locations found primarily in the liver and kidney (though small amounts of receptors have been identified in the human brain and murine gastrointestinal tract) (Timsit and Negishi, 2007). The main mechanism of action for this pathwa ...
Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Childhood Celiac Disease
... As specific T-lymphocyte reactions are central in the pathogenesis of CD, six key cytokine messenger RNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial and lamina propria T lymphocytes (IEL, LPL), retrieved from small intestinal biopsies, were determined by using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription p ...
... As specific T-lymphocyte reactions are central in the pathogenesis of CD, six key cytokine messenger RNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial and lamina propria T lymphocytes (IEL, LPL), retrieved from small intestinal biopsies, were determined by using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription p ...
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... intracellular bacteria per infected cell as robust parameters to determine the effect of anti-flagella antibodies on bacterial uptake. Opsonisation with specific antibodies that target S. Typhimurium flagella resulted in a higher percentage of infected cells (Figure 1A), as compared to the non-speci ...
... intracellular bacteria per infected cell as robust parameters to determine the effect of anti-flagella antibodies on bacterial uptake. Opsonisation with specific antibodies that target S. Typhimurium flagella resulted in a higher percentage of infected cells (Figure 1A), as compared to the non-speci ...
Gene, environment, microbiome and mucosal immune tolerance in
... There are a variety of mucosal sites in humans, including the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract, as well as mammary glands and serosal sites such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities [1416]. In addition, there are multiple subsites with unique immunological ch ...
... There are a variety of mucosal sites in humans, including the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract, as well as mammary glands and serosal sites such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities [1416]. In addition, there are multiple subsites with unique immunological ch ...
Acute lung injury: how the lung inflammatory response works P.A. Ward
... molecules on the pulmonary vascular endothelium (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1) as well as on the alveolar epithelium (ICAM-1). Vascular adhesion molecules enhance adhesiveness of PMN and facilitate their subsequent transmigration into the interstitial and distal airways of lu ...
... molecules on the pulmonary vascular endothelium (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1) as well as on the alveolar epithelium (ICAM-1). Vascular adhesion molecules enhance adhesiveness of PMN and facilitate their subsequent transmigration into the interstitial and distal airways of lu ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.