transplantation - Shandong University
... – An allogenetic MHC molecule with a bound peptide can mimic the determinant formed by a self MHC molecule plus foreign peptide – A cross-reaction of a normal TCR, which was selected to recognize a self MHC molecules plus foreign peptide, with an allogenetic MHC molecule plus peptide ...
... – An allogenetic MHC molecule with a bound peptide can mimic the determinant formed by a self MHC molecule plus foreign peptide – A cross-reaction of a normal TCR, which was selected to recognize a self MHC molecules plus foreign peptide, with an allogenetic MHC molecule plus peptide ...
Tumor-Associated Macrophages - Roswell Park Cancer Institute
... tumor-initiating role through the generation of a persistent inflammatory responses to a variety of stimuli (Balkwill and Mantovani, 2012). For example, obesity is associated with increased risk of many but not all cancers (Grivennikov et al., 2010) and is characterized by an enhanced systemic infla ...
... tumor-initiating role through the generation of a persistent inflammatory responses to a variety of stimuli (Balkwill and Mantovani, 2012). For example, obesity is associated with increased risk of many but not all cancers (Grivennikov et al., 2010) and is characterized by an enhanced systemic infla ...
Mouse Cytomegalovirus infection overrules T Open Access
... T cells [5]. Despite the fact that Tregs are crucial for maintenance of the immune homeostasis, they are also known to suppress the immune system in several diseased conditions like cancer [6] or in the context of infections for example induced by viruses [7-13]. In doing so, they dampen pathogen-sp ...
... T cells [5]. Despite the fact that Tregs are crucial for maintenance of the immune homeostasis, they are also known to suppress the immune system in several diseased conditions like cancer [6] or in the context of infections for example induced by viruses [7-13]. In doing so, they dampen pathogen-sp ...
Dendritic Cell Biology - Wiley-VCH
... are there distinct dendritic cells that are devoted to the control of these different key outcomes of antigen presentation? Second, how must dendritic cells differentiate to become potent stimulators of Th1 type CD4 responses and CD8 killer responses? It has been believed for some time that this req ...
... are there distinct dendritic cells that are devoted to the control of these different key outcomes of antigen presentation? Second, how must dendritic cells differentiate to become potent stimulators of Th1 type CD4 responses and CD8 killer responses? It has been believed for some time that this req ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • Damage to tissue by a physical injury or by the entry of microorganisms triggers a localized inflammatory response. • Damaged cells or bacteria release chemical signals that cause nearby capillaries to dilate and become more permeable, leading to clot formation at the injury. • Increased local bl ...
... • Damage to tissue by a physical injury or by the entry of microorganisms triggers a localized inflammatory response. • Damaged cells or bacteria release chemical signals that cause nearby capillaries to dilate and become more permeable, leading to clot formation at the injury. • Increased local bl ...
The pressure mounts on lung dendritic cells EDITORIAL
... indeed mediate a crucial process in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, mice are more resistant to the pulmonary vascular effects of monocrotaline. If DCs do contribute to pathogenesis, the next question that arises is what (auto-)antigen they might be presenting. Antibodies to endothelial cells, fibr ...
... indeed mediate a crucial process in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, mice are more resistant to the pulmonary vascular effects of monocrotaline. If DCs do contribute to pathogenesis, the next question that arises is what (auto-)antigen they might be presenting. Antibodies to endothelial cells, fibr ...
CHAPTER 7 Immune defences against pathogens
... The mildest form of UC is a condition in which a person passes faeces, with or without blood, less than four times daily. The most severe form is fulminant UC, a very serious condition in which a person passes faeces more than ten times daily, has continuous rectal bleeding that requires blood trans ...
... The mildest form of UC is a condition in which a person passes faeces, with or without blood, less than four times daily. The most severe form is fulminant UC, a very serious condition in which a person passes faeces more than ten times daily, has continuous rectal bleeding that requires blood trans ...
Role of T Follicular Helper (Tfh) Cells Plasticity in
... hepatitis C infection and thyroid autoimmunity However, the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus triggering autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible individuals still unknown. Several suggested mechanisms have been proposed for production thyroid autoimmunity, first by alteration in the immune response ...
... hepatitis C infection and thyroid autoimmunity However, the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus triggering autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible individuals still unknown. Several suggested mechanisms have been proposed for production thyroid autoimmunity, first by alteration in the immune response ...
Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and
... linked to the regulatory arm of the immune system (59,68,105,161). It is interesting to note ...
... linked to the regulatory arm of the immune system (59,68,105,161). It is interesting to note ...
Primary Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity: Lessons From Human
... develops in the same individual. As outlined in the current review, this contention clearly holds true in certain cases, particularly in deficiencies involving T-regulatory cells, components of the classical pathway of complement and defects in lymphocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, it is also important ...
... develops in the same individual. As outlined in the current review, this contention clearly holds true in certain cases, particularly in deficiencies involving T-regulatory cells, components of the classical pathway of complement and defects in lymphocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, it is also important ...
Progress in the fight against Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer
... Recent years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular basis for immune defense. Studies of the molecular interactions that contribute to innate and adaptive immunity keep providing new insights of the mechanisms by which our body responds to infection and injury. Detailed an ...
... Recent years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular basis for immune defense. Studies of the molecular interactions that contribute to innate and adaptive immunity keep providing new insights of the mechanisms by which our body responds to infection and injury. Detailed an ...
Perpetuation of immunological memory
... memory cells unless it is accompanied by selective proliferation of high af®nity cells. The somatic mutation is expected to broaden the af®nity, as mutation is not directional. In practice, because of somatic mutation, a given memory cell has less chance of increasing the af®nity (with favourable mu ...
... memory cells unless it is accompanied by selective proliferation of high af®nity cells. The somatic mutation is expected to broaden the af®nity, as mutation is not directional. In practice, because of somatic mutation, a given memory cell has less chance of increasing the af®nity (with favourable mu ...
Epigenetic Regulation of Innate Immunity by microRNAs
... Received: 17 December 2015; Accepted: 16 March 2016; Published: 1 April 2016 ...
... Received: 17 December 2015; Accepted: 16 March 2016; Published: 1 April 2016 ...
Trogocytic intercellular membrane exchanges among hematological
... expression by tumor cells has been shown to be important for the escape of immune surveillance by host T lymphocytes and NK cells [12,28,29,33-35]. HLA-G promoter specificities even allow its expression when that of classical HLA-class-I molecules is downregulated. This is particularly evident in tr ...
... expression by tumor cells has been shown to be important for the escape of immune surveillance by host T lymphocytes and NK cells [12,28,29,33-35]. HLA-G promoter specificities even allow its expression when that of classical HLA-class-I molecules is downregulated. This is particularly evident in tr ...
Document
... Although the control of transplantation, autoimmunity, and the other immune responses are the phenotypic consequences of the function of molecules encoded in the Mhc, understanding the Mhc becomes clear if we think of it in molecular and cellular terms. MHC molecules are cell surface receptors that ...
... Although the control of transplantation, autoimmunity, and the other immune responses are the phenotypic consequences of the function of molecules encoded in the Mhc, understanding the Mhc becomes clear if we think of it in molecular and cellular terms. MHC molecules are cell surface receptors that ...
Regulators and signalling in insect haemocyte immunity
... Multicellular animals as well as humans are surrounded by a plethora of pathogens, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To defend themselves against pathogens, vertebrates have developed two interconnected powerful defence mechanisms, known as innate and acquired immunity. The acquired immune system is ...
... Multicellular animals as well as humans are surrounded by a plethora of pathogens, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To defend themselves against pathogens, vertebrates have developed two interconnected powerful defence mechanisms, known as innate and acquired immunity. The acquired immune system is ...
Macrophage Polarization at the Crossroad Between HIV
... Several authors have investigated the role of cytokines, chemokines, and bacterial products on either the susceptibility of human monocyte–derived macrophages (MDM) to HIV-1 infection or on the functional polarization of these cells. In vitro, HIV-1 infection has been reported to drive human MDM tow ...
... Several authors have investigated the role of cytokines, chemokines, and bacterial products on either the susceptibility of human monocyte–derived macrophages (MDM) to HIV-1 infection or on the functional polarization of these cells. In vitro, HIV-1 infection has been reported to drive human MDM tow ...
Human T Cell Memory: A Dynamic View
... natural-immunity) is longevity. Duration of protection varies widely from one vaccine to another, and from one pathogen to another. However, for many vaccines and infections, immunity is remarkably long-lived—indeed, frequently life-long. The yellow fever vaccine represents a good example; it now ap ...
... natural-immunity) is longevity. Duration of protection varies widely from one vaccine to another, and from one pathogen to another. However, for many vaccines and infections, immunity is remarkably long-lived—indeed, frequently life-long. The yellow fever vaccine represents a good example; it now ap ...
Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces
... threats, the body deploys a variety of defense mechanisms that have accumulated over hundreds of millions of years of invertebrate and vertebrate evolution. In considering mechanisms of innate immunity in Chapters 2 and 3 and of adaptive immunity in Chapters 4–11, we principally used the example of ...
... threats, the body deploys a variety of defense mechanisms that have accumulated over hundreds of millions of years of invertebrate and vertebrate evolution. In considering mechanisms of innate immunity in Chapters 2 and 3 and of adaptive immunity in Chapters 4–11, we principally used the example of ...
Common measures of immune function vary with time of day and
... within 20 min of capture, but showed a significant decrease in lysozyme levels 20:01–35 min post-capture, followed by a significant increase 35:01–40 min post-capture (Fig. 2). In SGF, lysozyme levels followed a qualitatively similar pattern to that in MGF, showing no statistically discernible varia ...
... within 20 min of capture, but showed a significant decrease in lysozyme levels 20:01–35 min post-capture, followed by a significant increase 35:01–40 min post-capture (Fig. 2). In SGF, lysozyme levels followed a qualitatively similar pattern to that in MGF, showing no statistically discernible varia ...
An Attacker’s Day into Human Virology 1 Introduction Axelle Apvrille, Guillaume Lovet
... There are three main types of phagocytes: granulocytes, the faster to react but with a smaller appetite, macrophages (big appetite but slow to react) and dendritic cells (similar to macrophages, but in contact with the external environment such as in the skin, nose or lungs). Additionally, macrophag ...
... There are three main types of phagocytes: granulocytes, the faster to react but with a smaller appetite, macrophages (big appetite but slow to react) and dendritic cells (similar to macrophages, but in contact with the external environment such as in the skin, nose or lungs). Additionally, macrophag ...
Organ-specific Autoimmune Disease: A Deficiency of
... Costimulation by B7 ligands appears to be important for the tolerogenic responses conferred by these cells. Fewer regulatory CD4CD25 T cells are found in NOD mice lacking CD28 or both B7-1 and B7-2, and cells with this phenotype express CTLA-4 and appear to require this inhibitory receptor for the ...
... Costimulation by B7 ligands appears to be important for the tolerogenic responses conferred by these cells. Fewer regulatory CD4CD25 T cells are found in NOD mice lacking CD28 or both B7-1 and B7-2, and cells with this phenotype express CTLA-4 and appear to require this inhibitory receptor for the ...
come from?
... polyclonal antibodies — a mixture of immunoglobulins, only some of which were active against the antigen — that were capable of neutralizing invading pathogens in acute disease as well as acting prophylactically. But the immune system’s response to the antisera triggered a range of side effects (cal ...
... polyclonal antibodies — a mixture of immunoglobulins, only some of which were active against the antigen — that were capable of neutralizing invading pathogens in acute disease as well as acting prophylactically. But the immune system’s response to the antisera triggered a range of side effects (cal ...
A validated mathematical model of tumor growth including tumor
... The CTLs dynamics is governed by analogous laws, but there is no constant input of cells, since they correspond to acquired immunity. On the other hand, it includes the stimulation of T lymphocytes in response to the interaction between NK and tumor cells rT N . The activation term is jD2 T 2 /(k + ...
... The CTLs dynamics is governed by analogous laws, but there is no constant input of cells, since they correspond to acquired immunity. On the other hand, it includes the stimulation of T lymphocytes in response to the interaction between NK and tumor cells rT N . The activation term is jD2 T 2 /(k + ...
The phenotype of alveolar macrophages ... with immune cells in bronchoalveolar ...
... Distinct phenotypic subpopulations of AMs have recently been identified [15, 16]. Macrophages with properties of dendritic, phagocytic or suppressive cells may be separated on the basis of the eo-expression of membrane antigens RFD1, RFD7 and RFD9 [17, 18]. Other subpopulations of AMs can be disting ...
... Distinct phenotypic subpopulations of AMs have recently been identified [15, 16]. Macrophages with properties of dendritic, phagocytic or suppressive cells may be separated on the basis of the eo-expression of membrane antigens RFD1, RFD7 and RFD9 [17, 18]. Other subpopulations of AMs can be disting ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.