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Human Monoclonal Antibody Reactivity With
... These findings might be viewed in context with current concepts of antibody structure and B-cell diversity (12). Antibody specificity is determined by the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains, each one has three hypervariable loops representing the binding surface with ...
... These findings might be viewed in context with current concepts of antibody structure and B-cell diversity (12). Antibody specificity is determined by the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains, each one has three hypervariable loops representing the binding surface with ...
Expanding roles for CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses
... characterized by high levels of IFNγ production and diminished IL‑4 production. Interestingly, most IFNγproducing cells in the TH1/TH2 cell population coproduced IL‑4 or IL‑13, and IL‑12 and type I IFNs were shown to drive this mixed TH1/TH2 cell phenotype14. In vivo, IL‑12 can also reprogramme in v ...
... characterized by high levels of IFNγ production and diminished IL‑4 production. Interestingly, most IFNγproducing cells in the TH1/TH2 cell population coproduced IL‑4 or IL‑13, and IL‑12 and type I IFNs were shown to drive this mixed TH1/TH2 cell phenotype14. In vivo, IL‑12 can also reprogramme in v ...
Structural and functional aspects of factor viii in the initiation of the
... severe hemophilia A patients. Though a significant advancement has been accomplished in the development of newer FVIII molecules, the factors that drive FVIII immune responses remain elusive. Many genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified or suggested but a complete understanding o ...
... severe hemophilia A patients. Though a significant advancement has been accomplished in the development of newer FVIII molecules, the factors that drive FVIII immune responses remain elusive. Many genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified or suggested but a complete understanding o ...
Biological Activities of Complement
... the presence of CaZCand MgZ+, by the formation of an immune complex between immunoglobulin M or G and antigen, here shown as an antigenic site on a cell surface. This binding process in turn activates the complement components C1, C4, C2 and C3. Activation of components C1 and C2 results in the gene ...
... the presence of CaZCand MgZ+, by the formation of an immune complex between immunoglobulin M or G and antigen, here shown as an antigenic site on a cell surface. This binding process in turn activates the complement components C1, C4, C2 and C3. Activation of components C1 and C2 results in the gene ...
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte–Defined Human Minor
... would not be eligible for therapy targeting any of these four minor H antigens.31 Moreover, even for donor/recipient pairs expressing HLA-A2, the clinical use of HA-2 and HA-5 as targets for GVL therapy is limited because HA-2 and HA-5 are expressed in an estimated 95% and 7% of the population, resp ...
... would not be eligible for therapy targeting any of these four minor H antigens.31 Moreover, even for donor/recipient pairs expressing HLA-A2, the clinical use of HA-2 and HA-5 as targets for GVL therapy is limited because HA-2 and HA-5 are expressed in an estimated 95% and 7% of the population, resp ...
Effect of Boar Seminal Immunosuppressive Fraction on B
... the immune response to sperm is important for successful conception [4], but at the same time other essential immunological events are suppressed. In vitro studies have demonstrated that seminal plasma components can impair the generation of cytotoxic T cells, the response of B cells to a variety of ...
... the immune response to sperm is important for successful conception [4], but at the same time other essential immunological events are suppressed. In vitro studies have demonstrated that seminal plasma components can impair the generation of cytotoxic T cells, the response of B cells to a variety of ...
In vitro blood mononuclear cells Jenny Clifford
... mainly Interferon (IFN) -γ and IL-2 (14-16, 18). This activates primarily macrophages, which in turn secrete TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and CD8+ T-cells that help kill infected cells (8). The cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells help to kill infected cells using different cytotoxic enzymes, as well as death-inducing ...
... mainly Interferon (IFN) -γ and IL-2 (14-16, 18). This activates primarily macrophages, which in turn secrete TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and CD8+ T-cells that help kill infected cells (8). The cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells help to kill infected cells using different cytotoxic enzymes, as well as death-inducing ...
Persistence T Cell Function during Viral + CD8 Memory Generation
... (CD62LhighCCR7high) cells based on their expression of lymphoid homing receptors (10). Memory CD8⫹ T cells during viral infections play a major role in protection by rapid recognition and lysis of virus-infected cells. The contribution of memory CD8⫹ T cells to recall responses is well-defined durin ...
... (CD62LhighCCR7high) cells based on their expression of lymphoid homing receptors (10). Memory CD8⫹ T cells during viral infections play a major role in protection by rapid recognition and lysis of virus-infected cells. The contribution of memory CD8⫹ T cells to recall responses is well-defined durin ...
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and dermatological - HAL
... pathological context. Thereby the stimulation by viruses, by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) 7 or 9 ligands will lead to a Th1 response whereas activation by IL-3 or CD40L will lead to a Th2 response. Danger signals carried by pathogenic agents (PAMP) are recognised by TLR. MDC express TLR1, 2, 4, 5 and 8 ...
... pathological context. Thereby the stimulation by viruses, by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) 7 or 9 ligands will lead to a Th1 response whereas activation by IL-3 or CD40L will lead to a Th2 response. Danger signals carried by pathogenic agents (PAMP) are recognised by TLR. MDC express TLR1, 2, 4, 5 and 8 ...
Differential expression of surface membrane Trypanosoma congolense
... antigens on bovine monocytes activated with recombinant cytokines and during Trypanosoma congolense infection . Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 67:289-296 The expression of surface membrane antigens on peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) of cattle of the Boran and N'Dama breeds activated ...
... antigens on bovine monocytes activated with recombinant cytokines and during Trypanosoma congolense infection . Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 67:289-296 The expression of surface membrane antigens on peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) of cattle of the Boran and N'Dama breeds activated ...
Immune maturation and lymphocyte characteristics in relation
... pathogens. Physical barriers like the skin and mucus layers protect against pathogen entry. Inside the body, chemical barriers such as pH, antimicrobial molecules and lysozymes limit the pathogens’ opportunity to cause infection. If necessary, cells and effector molecules of the immune system perfor ...
... pathogens. Physical barriers like the skin and mucus layers protect against pathogen entry. Inside the body, chemical barriers such as pH, antimicrobial molecules and lysozymes limit the pathogens’ opportunity to cause infection. If necessary, cells and effector molecules of the immune system perfor ...
Type I interferons produced by hematopoietic cells protect
... NK cells are not required for clearance of reovirus T1L NK cells play an essential role in the early response to many, but not all viral infections (25). These cells are particularly important components of host defense against members of the herpesvirus family, several of which have developed strat ...
... NK cells are not required for clearance of reovirus T1L NK cells play an essential role in the early response to many, but not all viral infections (25). These cells are particularly important components of host defense against members of the herpesvirus family, several of which have developed strat ...
Systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis
... Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an auto immune disease with no predilection to involve specific organs, and is characterized by the pres ence of anti‑native DNA and anti‑SM antibodies, which may contribute to the occurrence of sus tained proinflammatory state in the body.1,2 Im mune disord ...
... Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an auto immune disease with no predilection to involve specific organs, and is characterized by the pres ence of anti‑native DNA and anti‑SM antibodies, which may contribute to the occurrence of sus tained proinflammatory state in the body.1,2 Im mune disord ...
ESTRUCTURACIÓ DE LA RESPOSTA B A LES
... structures containing germinal centers (GCs) similar to those in secondary lymphoid follicles (LFs) of LNs Intrathyroidal B lymphocytes can synthesize Tg, TPO, and TSH-R antibodies in vitro, and this suggested that they are an important source of thyroid autoantibodies 17~21 Ectopic or extranodal se ...
... structures containing germinal centers (GCs) similar to those in secondary lymphoid follicles (LFs) of LNs Intrathyroidal B lymphocytes can synthesize Tg, TPO, and TSH-R antibodies in vitro, and this suggested that they are an important source of thyroid autoantibodies 17~21 Ectopic or extranodal se ...
Antibody response to DBY minor histocompatibility antigen is
... patients with female donors, but only 2 of these patients had detectable antibody responses to DBX (P ⬍ .001, McNemar test). In contrast, only 2 of 39 male patients who received stem cells from male donors developed antibody responses to DBY. None of the 30 healthy men tested positive for either DBY ...
... patients with female donors, but only 2 of these patients had detectable antibody responses to DBX (P ⬍ .001, McNemar test). In contrast, only 2 of 39 male patients who received stem cells from male donors developed antibody responses to DBY. None of the 30 healthy men tested positive for either DBY ...
TLR3 Signaling in Macrophages Is Indispensable for the
... (TCR) and share a number of cell surface markers in common with NK cells. iNKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the invariant MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, which is expressed mainly on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Following lipid antigen stimulation, iNKT cells express CD ...
... (TCR) and share a number of cell surface markers in common with NK cells. iNKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the invariant MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, which is expressed mainly on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Following lipid antigen stimulation, iNKT cells express CD ...
the Immune Response Psychological Stress in Children May Alter
... independent studies over 30 y indicated that psychological stress was associated with suppression of the immune system (6) and with a number of immunological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (7), allergic disease (8), atopic dermatitis (9), and celiac disease (4). A number of studies have ...
... independent studies over 30 y indicated that psychological stress was associated with suppression of the immune system (6) and with a number of immunological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (7), allergic disease (8), atopic dermatitis (9), and celiac disease (4). A number of studies have ...
The Immune System Drugs in Fish: Immune Function, Immunoassay
... Fish is a heterogeneous group of different organisms which include the agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys), condryctians (sharks and rays) and teleosteans (bony fish). Like in all vertebrates, fish have cellular and humoral immune responses, and central organs whose the main function is involved in i ...
... Fish is a heterogeneous group of different organisms which include the agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys), condryctians (sharks and rays) and teleosteans (bony fish). Like in all vertebrates, fish have cellular and humoral immune responses, and central organs whose the main function is involved in i ...
Immune responses to vaccines involving a combined antigen
... the side effects and safety concerns limit the extent to which they can be used against various pathogens, such as HIV and Hepatitis C. Although subunit vaccines based on protein antigens are usually better tolerated and regarded as safer alternatives to traditional vaccines, they are usually poorly ...
... the side effects and safety concerns limit the extent to which they can be used against various pathogens, such as HIV and Hepatitis C. Although subunit vaccines based on protein antigens are usually better tolerated and regarded as safer alternatives to traditional vaccines, they are usually poorly ...
REVIEWS - Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine
... inoculated. The author’s conclusion was that “the thymus after birth may be necessary to life” [7]. Thymus histopathology of mice that have undergone thymectomy showed a marked deficiency of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and liver damage indicating a hepatitis virus infection [6]. Gowans et al. ...
... inoculated. The author’s conclusion was that “the thymus after birth may be necessary to life” [7]. Thymus histopathology of mice that have undergone thymectomy showed a marked deficiency of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and liver damage indicating a hepatitis virus infection [6]. Gowans et al. ...
Immune system
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg?width=300)
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.