Activation of the Cellular Immune Response in
... Introduction Every organism, regardless of size and complexity, must protect itself against assaults from non-self to “live long and prosper”. The discipline of immunology was founded by Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 “in recognition for their work on immu ...
... Introduction Every organism, regardless of size and complexity, must protect itself against assaults from non-self to “live long and prosper”. The discipline of immunology was founded by Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 “in recognition for their work on immu ...
Deciphering the STING Paradox
... amount has been revealed on the biology of STING. As the studies were published, the complexity of STING became apparent. STING, initially thought to serve solely as an adaptor protein for mediating signaling by cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS), was recently found to be a direct sensor of cyclic dinucleo ...
... amount has been revealed on the biology of STING. As the studies were published, the complexity of STING became apparent. STING, initially thought to serve solely as an adaptor protein for mediating signaling by cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS), was recently found to be a direct sensor of cyclic dinucleo ...
Characteristics of Peptide
... each gene, and they are polygenic in that there are a number of different MHC genes. Class I MHC molecules consist of an a chain, in complex with b2microglobulin. Class II MHC molecules are composed of two noncovalently associated glycoproteins, the a and b chain, encoded by separate MHC genes. Both ...
... each gene, and they are polygenic in that there are a number of different MHC genes. Class I MHC molecules consist of an a chain, in complex with b2microglobulin. Class II MHC molecules are composed of two noncovalently associated glycoproteins, the a and b chain, encoded by separate MHC genes. Both ...
The MHC complex
... Gene conversion and new alleles Sequences can be transferred from one gene to a similar but different gene by a process know as gene conversion. This can occur by a misalignment of two paired homologous chromosomes When there are many copies of similar genes arrayed in tandem. Polymorphisms have be ...
... Gene conversion and new alleles Sequences can be transferred from one gene to a similar but different gene by a process know as gene conversion. This can occur by a misalignment of two paired homologous chromosomes When there are many copies of similar genes arrayed in tandem. Polymorphisms have be ...
Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production
... cells15,17 and facilitating the induction of antiviral CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, NK cell and B cell responses18–20. In both sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques, DCs could be divided into pDCs and mDCs with antibodies for CD123 and CD11c, respectively (Fig. 1d). As neither pDC nor mDC populations hav ...
... cells15,17 and facilitating the induction of antiviral CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, NK cell and B cell responses18–20. In both sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques, DCs could be divided into pDCs and mDCs with antibodies for CD123 and CD11c, respectively (Fig. 1d). As neither pDC nor mDC populations hav ...
Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role
... up regulates the histone demethylase JMJD3, by altering of chromatin modifications that induces expression of M2 gene and inhibits M1 gene during tissue repair and anti-inflammatory response [49, 50]. In addition, M2a macrophages up-regulated the Mrc1, resistin-like a (Retnla, Fizz1) and chitinase 3 ...
... up regulates the histone demethylase JMJD3, by altering of chromatin modifications that induces expression of M2 gene and inhibits M1 gene during tissue repair and anti-inflammatory response [49, 50]. In addition, M2a macrophages up-regulated the Mrc1, resistin-like a (Retnla, Fizz1) and chitinase 3 ...
Resveratrol decreases miR-155 levels by upregulating miR
... cells, suggesting that miR-663 normally works to impair any sudden surge of AP-1 activity or JunB levels in resting cells (Figure 2A and 2B). Finally, luciferase assays using constructs containing JunB 3’-untranslated region (UTR) with wild type or mutated miR-663 target sites provided strong eviden ...
... cells, suggesting that miR-663 normally works to impair any sudden surge of AP-1 activity or JunB levels in resting cells (Figure 2A and 2B). Finally, luciferase assays using constructs containing JunB 3’-untranslated region (UTR) with wild type or mutated miR-663 target sites provided strong eviden ...
Full Text - PDF - Donnish Journals
... moderate to sever megaloblastosis, an increased number of plasma cells and megakaryocytic hyperplasia with abnormal morphology. Amastigotes appeared as round or oval bodies found intracellular in monocytes and macrophages in the stained smears. Peripheral blood samples and lymph nodes were obtained ...
... moderate to sever megaloblastosis, an increased number of plasma cells and megakaryocytic hyperplasia with abnormal morphology. Amastigotes appeared as round or oval bodies found intracellular in monocytes and macrophages in the stained smears. Peripheral blood samples and lymph nodes were obtained ...
Control of coronavirus infection through
... MHV infection in mice recapitulates some of the essential features of SARS-CoV infection. The immune response against MHV is characterized by a strong cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response that mediates initial clearance of the virus,18,19 whereas neutralizing antibodies appear to be required to prevent r ...
... MHV infection in mice recapitulates some of the essential features of SARS-CoV infection. The immune response against MHV is characterized by a strong cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response that mediates initial clearance of the virus,18,19 whereas neutralizing antibodies appear to be required to prevent r ...
Measuring Cellular Immunity to Influenza: Methods of Detection
... and NA, which are subject to intense selective pressure to mutate and evolve, internal influenza antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein-1 (M1) are more highly conserved among multiple influenza subtypes [51]. In addition, these antigens are expressed abundantly in influenza infected ...
... and NA, which are subject to intense selective pressure to mutate and evolve, internal influenza antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein-1 (M1) are more highly conserved among multiple influenza subtypes [51]. In addition, these antigens are expressed abundantly in influenza infected ...
T Cell Memory in the Context of Persistent Herpes Viral Infections
... system to specifically remember and recognize pathogens that have already infected the host in the past and to mount faster and stronger responses each time the same pathogen is encountered. Since the discovery of vaccination and passive immunization in the late 19th – early 20th, the ability to mem ...
... system to specifically remember and recognize pathogens that have already infected the host in the past and to mount faster and stronger responses each time the same pathogen is encountered. Since the discovery of vaccination and passive immunization in the late 19th – early 20th, the ability to mem ...
Candida
... changes locally following inoculation. The exception was an increase in IL-1a levels in wild-type and IL-222/2 mice (p,0.05 and p,0.0001, respectively) and IL-1b in IL-222/2 mice (p,0.05) following inoculation. When analyzed comparatively between lavages from mice with high PMNs and low PMNs, the cy ...
... changes locally following inoculation. The exception was an increase in IL-1a levels in wild-type and IL-222/2 mice (p,0.05 and p,0.0001, respectively) and IL-1b in IL-222/2 mice (p,0.05) following inoculation. When analyzed comparatively between lavages from mice with high PMNs and low PMNs, the cy ...
The immune response to yellow fever vaccination in aged individuals
... and man, complicate the direct translation of these results to humans (Davis, 2008; Vallejo, 2011). The response of the human aged immune system to a challenge has been investigated so far mostly after secondary immunizations, such as influenza, tetanus or Varicella-zoster ...
... and man, complicate the direct translation of these results to humans (Davis, 2008; Vallejo, 2011). The response of the human aged immune system to a challenge has been investigated so far mostly after secondary immunizations, such as influenza, tetanus or Varicella-zoster ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... inflammation and the formation pannus tissue due to the synovial hyperplasia, which causes inflammatory cells (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and mononuclear cells recruitment for the destruction of cartilage and bone, macrophages play a potent role in synovial inflammation [5]. In rheumatoid arthritis the syn ...
... inflammation and the formation pannus tissue due to the synovial hyperplasia, which causes inflammatory cells (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and mononuclear cells recruitment for the destruction of cartilage and bone, macrophages play a potent role in synovial inflammation [5]. In rheumatoid arthritis the syn ...
Infect Immun. 2011 Feb;79(2):688-94. Epub 2010 Nov 22.
... Type I interferons (IFNs) are central regulators of the innate and adaptive immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Type I IFNs are induced upon cytosolic detection of microbial nucleic acids, including DNA, RNA, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In addition, a ...
... Type I interferons (IFNs) are central regulators of the innate and adaptive immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Type I IFNs are induced upon cytosolic detection of microbial nucleic acids, including DNA, RNA, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In addition, a ...
MINI-SERIES ‘‘T-CELL CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULES’’ Edited by M. Belvisi and K.F. Rabe
... ABSTRACT: T-cells play a central role in allergic airway diseases such as bronchial asthma. The imbalance between allergen-specific pro-inflammatory and pro-allergic T-cell responses on one hand and regulatory or suppressive T-cell responses on the other may best explain the development of unwanted ...
... ABSTRACT: T-cells play a central role in allergic airway diseases such as bronchial asthma. The imbalance between allergen-specific pro-inflammatory and pro-allergic T-cell responses on one hand and regulatory or suppressive T-cell responses on the other may best explain the development of unwanted ...
Reprogramming of Myeloid Compartments Supporting Tissue
... We show that the immature myeloid compartment expands in bone marrow (BM) specifically at the resolution phase of inflammation during colitis transition to recovery. Additionally, we found enhanced levels of IL-17 in the serum of colitis mice tightly correlates with expansion of the IMC compartment, ...
... We show that the immature myeloid compartment expands in bone marrow (BM) specifically at the resolution phase of inflammation during colitis transition to recovery. Additionally, we found enhanced levels of IL-17 in the serum of colitis mice tightly correlates with expansion of the IMC compartment, ...
Monoclonal Versus Polyclonal Antibodies: Distinguishing
... presenting multiple epitopes. Avidity is determined by the affinity of the antibody for the epitope, the number of antibody binding sites, and the geometry of the resulting antibody-antigen complexes. For example, IgG is bivalent, whereas IgM is decavalent and therefore has a higher avidity. Avidity ...
... presenting multiple epitopes. Avidity is determined by the affinity of the antibody for the epitope, the number of antibody binding sites, and the geometry of the resulting antibody-antigen complexes. For example, IgG is bivalent, whereas IgM is decavalent and therefore has a higher avidity. Avidity ...
Publications_files/Sabiiti et al review 2012
... have evolved innate and adaptive immunity, invertebrates possess only the innate system, the most ancient form of pathogen defence. The basic underlying mechanisms of immune response can therefore be studied without potential confusion from adaptive immunity, which can be very species- or even indiv ...
... have evolved innate and adaptive immunity, invertebrates possess only the innate system, the most ancient form of pathogen defence. The basic underlying mechanisms of immune response can therefore be studied without potential confusion from adaptive immunity, which can be very species- or even indiv ...
Defense Mechanisms against Influenza Virus Infection in the
... responses including antigen uptake by APCs and priming of T and B cells for IgA Ab production are induced and the effector sites are the mucosa that covers the internal surface of the whole body, where IgA AFCs are found and where S-IgA Abs play a protective role. Thus, specific IgA AFC precursor po ...
... responses including antigen uptake by APCs and priming of T and B cells for IgA Ab production are induced and the effector sites are the mucosa that covers the internal surface of the whole body, where IgA AFCs are found and where S-IgA Abs play a protective role. Thus, specific IgA AFC precursor po ...
Immunology - Department of Pathology
... 15 B cell development and immunoglobulin rearrangement 16 B cell response to antigen 17 B cell response to antigen 18 MHC 1 Tutorial (T cell-target interaction) 19 MHC2 : (structure and peptide binding) 20 Antigen Presentation by class I molecules 21 MHC 3: ( genetics and disease) 22 Antigen Present ...
... 15 B cell development and immunoglobulin rearrangement 16 B cell response to antigen 17 B cell response to antigen 18 MHC 1 Tutorial (T cell-target interaction) 19 MHC2 : (structure and peptide binding) 20 Antigen Presentation by class I molecules 21 MHC 3: ( genetics and disease) 22 Antigen Present ...
ABSTRACT - Johns Hopkins University
... divided into >3 year disease free survival (DFS) and < 3 year DFS groups for analysis. The 3 year cut off was chosen because patients surviving disease free after 3 years are likely to remain disease free. These experiments identified several protein bands that patients in the > 3 year DFS group dev ...
... divided into >3 year disease free survival (DFS) and < 3 year DFS groups for analysis. The 3 year cut off was chosen because patients surviving disease free after 3 years are likely to remain disease free. These experiments identified several protein bands that patients in the > 3 year DFS group dev ...
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections
... Moreover, depletion of pDCs led to over a hundred fold decrease in PBMC production of IFN-I. Resting human pDCs do not contain mRNA for IFN-I. Upon HSV-1 activation, human pDCs rapidly express mRNA of all the IFN-I family members, whereas cDCs do not [38]. Under these conditions, IFN-I mRNA constitu ...
... Moreover, depletion of pDCs led to over a hundred fold decrease in PBMC production of IFN-I. Resting human pDCs do not contain mRNA for IFN-I. Upon HSV-1 activation, human pDCs rapidly express mRNA of all the IFN-I family members, whereas cDCs do not [38]. Under these conditions, IFN-I mRNA constitu ...
Enrichment of IFN-γ producing cells in different murine adipose
... Here we report that lean mice infected with the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum show a fast but sustained increase in the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells noticeable in distinct adipose tissue depots. Moreover, IFN-γ-mediated immune memory could be evoked in vitro in parasite antigen-stimu ...
... Here we report that lean mice infected with the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum show a fast but sustained increase in the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells noticeable in distinct adipose tissue depots. Moreover, IFN-γ-mediated immune memory could be evoked in vitro in parasite antigen-stimu ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.