![Cytokine production of RSV/PHA-stimulated tonsillar mononuclear S. Ichinohe , I.R. Hussain](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008916263_1-a4eb433b3637baa0d29ee1c42953a8f3-300x300.png)
Cytokine production of RSV/PHA-stimulated tonsillar mononuclear S. Ichinohe , I.R. Hussain
... the profile of cytokines they produce [4]. Interferon (IFN)-c has antiviral activity and is the major effector type-1 cytokine. Interleukin (IL)-12, -15 and -18 are all produced by antigen presenting cells and induce type-1 activity in T-cells. IL-4, -5, -10 and -13 are produced by type-2 T-cells an ...
... the profile of cytokines they produce [4]. Interferon (IFN)-c has antiviral activity and is the major effector type-1 cytokine. Interleukin (IL)-12, -15 and -18 are all produced by antigen presenting cells and induce type-1 activity in T-cells. IL-4, -5, -10 and -13 are produced by type-2 T-cells an ...
a Functional Region of Difference-1 Mycobacterial Virulence and the
... studies, they did not conclusively show that CD8 cells were required. In fact, two recent studies showed that induction of a CD8 response against a specific epitope from TB10.4 or ESAT-6 did not lead to protection against an acute infection with M.tb (15, 16). This is in agreement with other studies ...
... studies, they did not conclusively show that CD8 cells were required. In fact, two recent studies showed that induction of a CD8 response against a specific epitope from TB10.4 or ESAT-6 did not lead to protection against an acute infection with M.tb (15, 16). This is in agreement with other studies ...
What is the T-cell receptor (TCR)? (abridged
... The αβ version of the TCR was described on the previous page. The αβ type is more common, however another TCR type called γδ can also exist. This type of receptor is made up of gamma (γ) and delta (δ) proteins. These are also composed of subunits, but are different from αβ. The type of TCR that is f ...
... The αβ version of the TCR was described on the previous page. The αβ type is more common, however another TCR type called γδ can also exist. This type of receptor is made up of gamma (γ) and delta (δ) proteins. These are also composed of subunits, but are different from αβ. The type of TCR that is f ...
Sequence analysis of T-cell repertoires in health and disease
... during T-cell and B-cell maturation provide each of us with the personalized armamentarium necessary for defining and defending our own cellular space. T cells, which mediate cellular immunity, express heterodimeric (αβ or γδ) cell surface receptors (T-cell receptors, or TCRs). The vast majority of ...
... during T-cell and B-cell maturation provide each of us with the personalized armamentarium necessary for defining and defending our own cellular space. T cells, which mediate cellular immunity, express heterodimeric (αβ or γδ) cell surface receptors (T-cell receptors, or TCRs). The vast majority of ...
Mycobacterium bovis Subsets following Infection with Virulent T Cell
... to Mycobacterium; both human and murine gd T cells proliferate and secrete cytokines in recall response to protein and nonprotein phosphoantigens of M. tuberculosis (5, 6) and expand significantly in patients with active TB (7–9). Mice deficient in gd T cells exhibit significantly larger and less-or ...
... to Mycobacterium; both human and murine gd T cells proliferate and secrete cytokines in recall response to protein and nonprotein phosphoantigens of M. tuberculosis (5, 6) and expand significantly in patients with active TB (7–9). Mice deficient in gd T cells exhibit significantly larger and less-or ...
Candida Infections: An Update on Host Immune Defenses and Anti
... is also required for C. albicans cell binding to E-cadherin on epithelial cells, and for N-cadherin on endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins[23, 24]. ALS3 expression, which is regulated by a number of transcription factors, is strongly induced by Efg1, Tec1 and Bcr1 and inhibited by Nr ...
... is also required for C. albicans cell binding to E-cadherin on epithelial cells, and for N-cadherin on endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins[23, 24]. ALS3 expression, which is regulated by a number of transcription factors, is strongly induced by Efg1, Tec1 and Bcr1 and inhibited by Nr ...
FVIII Immunity: Early Events and Tolerance Mechanisms to FVIII
... that in vivo, FVIII does not induce the activation and proliferation of hemophilic T cells. Furthermore, infusing FVIII-pulsed immature dendritic cells into hemophilic mice resulted in a long-term reduction in immune reactivity towards FVIII. Also, ...
... that in vivo, FVIII does not induce the activation and proliferation of hemophilic T cells. Furthermore, infusing FVIII-pulsed immature dendritic cells into hemophilic mice resulted in a long-term reduction in immune reactivity towards FVIII. Also, ...
Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... system [20]. Another mechanism by which mycobacteria could interfere with phagolysosomal fusion is by retention of an important host protein termed (tryptophan aspartate containing Coat protein (TACO), also known as coronin 1 on the phagosome [18], thereby behaving as self antigens. TACO represents ...
... system [20]. Another mechanism by which mycobacteria could interfere with phagolysosomal fusion is by retention of an important host protein termed (tryptophan aspartate containing Coat protein (TACO), also known as coronin 1 on the phagosome [18], thereby behaving as self antigens. TACO represents ...
lymphatic system
... Before birth, the body makes an inventory of "self" proteins and other large molecules. b. After inventory, lymphocytes develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self antigens. c. Nonself antigens combine with T-cell and B-cell surface receptors and stimulate t ...
... Before birth, the body makes an inventory of "self" proteins and other large molecules. b. After inventory, lymphocytes develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self antigens. c. Nonself antigens combine with T-cell and B-cell surface receptors and stimulate t ...
lymphatic system
... a.Before birth, the body makes an inventory of "self" proteins and other large molecules. b. After inventory, lymphocytes develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self antigens. c. Nonself antigens combine with T-cell and B-cell surface receptors and stimulate ...
... a.Before birth, the body makes an inventory of "self" proteins and other large molecules. b. After inventory, lymphocytes develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self antigens. c. Nonself antigens combine with T-cell and B-cell surface receptors and stimulate ...
O A RIGINAL RTICLE
... [16,17]. On the other hand infected BALB/C mice generally activate Th2 cells and regulate humoral immune responses which are associated with severe systemic diseases [18]. The effect of humoral response in acute and chronic phase of parasitic diseases have been studied [19,20]. Systemic parasitic in ...
... [16,17]. On the other hand infected BALB/C mice generally activate Th2 cells and regulate humoral immune responses which are associated with severe systemic diseases [18]. The effect of humoral response in acute and chronic phase of parasitic diseases have been studied [19,20]. Systemic parasitic in ...
Strategies and Implications for Prime
... Once activated, these professional antigen-presenting cells acquire foreign antigen, migrate into secondary lymphoid compartments, and present pathogen-derived peptides on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) to CD8 T cells [29, 57]. When naïve CD8 T cells encounter stimulatory peptide-MHC-I com ...
... Once activated, these professional antigen-presenting cells acquire foreign antigen, migrate into secondary lymphoid compartments, and present pathogen-derived peptides on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) to CD8 T cells [29, 57]. When naïve CD8 T cells encounter stimulatory peptide-MHC-I com ...
The evolution within us - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... hormone receptor cause hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease, whereas autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin cause hypothyroidism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [15]. Ribonucleoprotein and other nuclear antigens are frequent targets in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythemat ...
... hormone receptor cause hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease, whereas autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin cause hypothyroidism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [15]. Ribonucleoprotein and other nuclear antigens are frequent targets in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythemat ...
Immunocompatibility of Bacteriophages as Nanomedicines
... Phages expressing Fab fragment specific for tumor accumulated in the tumor tissue and induced humoral and cellular immune responses, leading to solid tumor regression in mice. T4 phages interacting with B3 integrins modulated the function of human T cells and platelets. Bone marrow dendritic cells d ...
... Phages expressing Fab fragment specific for tumor accumulated in the tumor tissue and induced humoral and cellular immune responses, leading to solid tumor regression in mice. T4 phages interacting with B3 integrins modulated the function of human T cells and platelets. Bone marrow dendritic cells d ...
Title goes here
... Immune escape Proteasome-mediated digestion analysis of a synthetic 26mer peptide derived from the Friend sequence shows that cleavage takes place predominantly C-terminal of D, instead of V as is the case for the Moloney MuLV sequence. Therefore, the C terminus of the epitope is not properly gener ...
... Immune escape Proteasome-mediated digestion analysis of a synthetic 26mer peptide derived from the Friend sequence shows that cleavage takes place predominantly C-terminal of D, instead of V as is the case for the Moloney MuLV sequence. Therefore, the C terminus of the epitope is not properly gener ...
Raulet, D.H. 2003. Roles of the NKG2D immunoreceptor and its ligands. Nat Rev Immunol 3:781-790.
... NKG2D was first identified in a screen for genes that are expressed preferentially by human natural killer (NK) cells1,2. NKG2A, NKG2C and NKG2E complementary DNAs were isolated in the same screen. The corresponding receptors were all type-2 transmembrane receptors with sequence similarities to C-ty ...
... NKG2D was first identified in a screen for genes that are expressed preferentially by human natural killer (NK) cells1,2. NKG2A, NKG2C and NKG2E complementary DNAs were isolated in the same screen. The corresponding receptors were all type-2 transmembrane receptors with sequence similarities to C-ty ...
Molecular Imagaing Annual Report
... Our physicists and mathematicians based at La Trobe University, the University of Melbourne, the Australian Synchrotron in Monash University and ANSTO have joined forces with our crystallography teams and started to collect data at the Stanford XFEL – this is imaging at its most extreme indeed. Furt ...
... Our physicists and mathematicians based at La Trobe University, the University of Melbourne, the Australian Synchrotron in Monash University and ANSTO have joined forces with our crystallography teams and started to collect data at the Stanford XFEL – this is imaging at its most extreme indeed. Furt ...
T Lymphocyte Responses + Despite Augmenting Antigen
... pathogen-associated molecular patterns (3– 6). Mature DCs upregulate MHC and costimulatory molecules and migrate from tissues to regional lymph nodes, where they efficiently present captured Ags to naive T cells. However, DCs represent a small population of cells in vivo (7), and thus may be a limit ...
... pathogen-associated molecular patterns (3– 6). Mature DCs upregulate MHC and costimulatory molecules and migrate from tissues to regional lymph nodes, where they efficiently present captured Ags to naive T cells. However, DCs represent a small population of cells in vivo (7), and thus may be a limit ...
Wellness Foods Based on the Health Benefits of Fruit: Gold Kiwifruit
... Fruits are excellent health foods and ingredients for functional foods. Plant & Food Research is developing new fresh and processed foods to promote gut health and immunity and protect from oxidative stress. The research involves testing using cell-based assays and animal models and validating healt ...
... Fruits are excellent health foods and ingredients for functional foods. Plant & Food Research is developing new fresh and processed foods to promote gut health and immunity and protect from oxidative stress. The research involves testing using cell-based assays and animal models and validating healt ...
HIC1 links retinoic acid signalling to group 3 innate
... The intestinal immune system is held in a tightly regulated balance between immune activation in response to potential pathogens and the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens, such as food and commensal flora. Disruption of this balance can lead to the development of serious inflammatory di ...
... The intestinal immune system is held in a tightly regulated balance between immune activation in response to potential pathogens and the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens, such as food and commensal flora. Disruption of this balance can lead to the development of serious inflammatory di ...
Safety of raw milk
... Steals iron away from pathogens and carries it through the gut wall into the blood stream; has anti-inflammatory properties; stimulates the immune system1 ...
... Steals iron away from pathogens and carries it through the gut wall into the blood stream; has anti-inflammatory properties; stimulates the immune system1 ...
dependent regulation of intestinal immunity and homeostasis
... The intestinal immune system is held in a tightly regulated balance between immune activation in response to potential pathogens and the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens, such as food and commensal flora. Disruption of this balance can lead to the development of serious inflammatory di ...
... The intestinal immune system is held in a tightly regulated balance between immune activation in response to potential pathogens and the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens, such as food and commensal flora. Disruption of this balance can lead to the development of serious inflammatory di ...
Complement-mediated “bystander” damage initiates host NLRP3
... expressing L. major (7) (Figure 5A1, 5B) or zymosan (Figure 5A2) was added to macrophages. The bystander MAC deposition occurred primarily on the surfaces of macrophages actively involved in the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles (Figure 5). It also could be visualized on the surface of ...
... expressing L. major (7) (Figure 5A1, 5B) or zymosan (Figure 5A2) was added to macrophages. The bystander MAC deposition occurred primarily on the surfaces of macrophages actively involved in the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles (Figure 5). It also could be visualized on the surface of ...
When NF-kB is inhibited
... • Involved in proinflammatory response: a first line of defense against infectious diseases and cellular stress – Signal Activated NF- B immune defence activated – Immune response, inflammatory response, accute phase response • NF-B also a major anti-apoptopic factor – aberrant activation of N ...
... • Involved in proinflammatory response: a first line of defense against infectious diseases and cellular stress – Signal Activated NF- B immune defence activated – Immune response, inflammatory response, accute phase response • NF-B also a major anti-apoptopic factor – aberrant activation of N ...
Immune system
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg?width=300)
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.