Human Cytomegalovirus Manipulation of Latently Infected Cells
... point of infection: at entry [85]. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) can detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering cell death—and this is an important part of an intrinsic immune response [85]. Clearly, during lytic infection, the rapid expression of virally encoded anti- ...
... point of infection: at entry [85]. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) can detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering cell death—and this is an important part of an intrinsic immune response [85]. Clearly, during lytic infection, the rapid expression of virally encoded anti- ...
Mastitis - Background and Best Management Practices
... increases, cells are mobilized, blood flow increases, and in some extreme situations a massive response occurs that leads to systemic shock-like symptoms. In other cases, a more chronic response may occur, bacteria multiply and the immune system is continuously activated. Chronic infections result i ...
... increases, cells are mobilized, blood flow increases, and in some extreme situations a massive response occurs that leads to systemic shock-like symptoms. In other cases, a more chronic response may occur, bacteria multiply and the immune system is continuously activated. Chronic infections result i ...
Wickenden et al. EHA 2016 PB2040
... mean 39.8% (range 13.5 to 70.3%). There were, however, large differences in the CD4+ T-cell subset composition; Tfh cells varied from 2.5 to 36% of all CD4+,T-cells,whilst Tregs accounted for 2.7 to 24.7%. We also compared architecture of T-cell infiltration across cases and found that T-cells were ...
... mean 39.8% (range 13.5 to 70.3%). There were, however, large differences in the CD4+ T-cell subset composition; Tfh cells varied from 2.5 to 36% of all CD4+,T-cells,whilst Tregs accounted for 2.7 to 24.7%. We also compared architecture of T-cell infiltration across cases and found that T-cells were ...
The New England Journal of Medicine Volume 336 - hem
... drug-associated disease, including response to immunosuppressive therapy, are the same as those of patients with idiopathic disease.60 In the related syndrome of agranulocytosis, in which only neutrophil production is decreased, an association with drugs is much more common. The strong linkage betwe ...
... drug-associated disease, including response to immunosuppressive therapy, are the same as those of patients with idiopathic disease.60 In the related syndrome of agranulocytosis, in which only neutrophil production is decreased, an association with drugs is much more common. The strong linkage betwe ...
Bacterial short chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the
... Leukocyte recruitment 4 (a) and 24 hr (b) after inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans combined or not with SCFAs. In the graphs, each square or triangle represents an animal of five distinct experiments for both times. The horizontal bars represent the average of each group (N = 10–18 animals per ...
... Leukocyte recruitment 4 (a) and 24 hr (b) after inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans combined or not with SCFAs. In the graphs, each square or triangle represents an animal of five distinct experiments for both times. The horizontal bars represent the average of each group (N = 10–18 animals per ...
Infusion Reactions - Chemotherapy
... lymphocytes respond to intracellular foreign substances (Solomon & Komanduri, 2001). Every B lymphocyte expresses a unique antibody designed to recognize a specific protein marker (i.e., antigen) located on the surface of foreign cells. The antibody binds with the antigen and so elicits an immune re ...
... lymphocytes respond to intracellular foreign substances (Solomon & Komanduri, 2001). Every B lymphocyte expresses a unique antibody designed to recognize a specific protein marker (i.e., antigen) located on the surface of foreign cells. The antibody binds with the antigen and so elicits an immune re ...
... T-cell activation requires T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement by antigen and interaction between costimulatory molecules on T-cells and their ligands on APCs [2]. Interaction between ICAM-1 and its ligand LFA-1 may be bidirectional in that both can be expressed by T-cells as well as some APCs. However ...
Leishmania species: models of intracellular parasitism
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
STUDIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE REGULATION ANNE LAHDENPERÄ
... Background: Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are two chronic autoimmune diseases with increasing incidence worldwide. A combination of genetic, environmental and immunological factors is considered to be involved in development of the diseases, even though the exact disease mechanisms s ...
... Background: Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are two chronic autoimmune diseases with increasing incidence worldwide. A combination of genetic, environmental and immunological factors is considered to be involved in development of the diseases, even though the exact disease mechanisms s ...
Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence
... How the immune system interacts with the various morphogenetic forms of fungi is relatively poorly understood. In the case of C. albicans, one intriguing possibility is that differential recognition of yeast and hypha could be the key to understanding the mechanisms through which different immune re ...
... How the immune system interacts with the various morphogenetic forms of fungi is relatively poorly understood. In the case of C. albicans, one intriguing possibility is that differential recognition of yeast and hypha could be the key to understanding the mechanisms through which different immune re ...
frans08efi - HLA Matchmaker
... • Policy in Eurotransplant is the registration of the nonacceptable HLA mismatches for sensitized patients to prevent selection of donors with HLA mismatches towards which the patient has preformed antibodies. • Problem: it is impossible to determine all antibody specificities in highly sensitized p ...
... • Policy in Eurotransplant is the registration of the nonacceptable HLA mismatches for sensitized patients to prevent selection of donors with HLA mismatches towards which the patient has preformed antibodies. • Problem: it is impossible to determine all antibody specificities in highly sensitized p ...
Helicobacter pylori vaccines and mechanisms of effective
... but not CD8+ T cells, are essential for effective immunity against H. pylori in mice. Immunization of mice deficient in MHC class I molecules produces the same protective immunity as wild-type mice. However, if mice are deficient in MHC class II molecules, used by the immune system to present antige ...
... but not CD8+ T cells, are essential for effective immunity against H. pylori in mice. Immunization of mice deficient in MHC class I molecules produces the same protective immunity as wild-type mice. However, if mice are deficient in MHC class II molecules, used by the immune system to present antige ...
Regulatory T Helper Cells in Pregnancy and Tolerance Linköping University Post Print
... Further, as compared with blood, more T cells in decidua produce IL-4 whereas fewer produce IFN-γ16. These findings of dominating Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human decidua are in line with Wegman’s observations in the murine system9,10, which initiated the Th1/Th2 paradigm in reproductive ...
... Further, as compared with blood, more T cells in decidua produce IL-4 whereas fewer produce IFN-γ16. These findings of dominating Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human decidua are in line with Wegman’s observations in the murine system9,10, which initiated the Th1/Th2 paradigm in reproductive ...
Review The host–pathogen interaction during HBV infection
... symptomatic hepatitis, which occurs at least 6–8 weeks after innoculation. Most patients who have been studied at earlier time points still do not intercept the initial eclipse phase of HBV infection [19–21]. Similarly, an in vitro infection system for HBV in non-transformed hepatocytes is not widel ...
... symptomatic hepatitis, which occurs at least 6–8 weeks after innoculation. Most patients who have been studied at earlier time points still do not intercept the initial eclipse phase of HBV infection [19–21]. Similarly, an in vitro infection system for HBV in non-transformed hepatocytes is not widel ...
Mediated by Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF1) Protective Stress
... demonstrated that in T lymphocytes HSF1 becomes activated at 39°C, well within the physiological range of fever (27). This lower threshold for HSF1 activation does not occur in B lymphocytes, which show the more typical 42°C activation threshold. Thus, the only somatic cell type to date showing HSF1 ...
... demonstrated that in T lymphocytes HSF1 becomes activated at 39°C, well within the physiological range of fever (27). This lower threshold for HSF1 activation does not occur in B lymphocytes, which show the more typical 42°C activation threshold. Thus, the only somatic cell type to date showing HSF1 ...
Card9 Mediates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Restitution, T
... mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.2,3 Furthermore, CARD9 is required to mount adaptive T-helper (Th)17 responses during fungal infection via dectin-14–6 and during Mycobacteria infection via mincle.7 A loss-offunction mutation in CARD9 was identified in patients with chronic mucocutaneous can ...
... mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.2,3 Furthermore, CARD9 is required to mount adaptive T-helper (Th)17 responses during fungal infection via dectin-14–6 and during Mycobacteria infection via mincle.7 A loss-offunction mutation in CARD9 was identified in patients with chronic mucocutaneous can ...
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections
... the unique ability to rapidly recognize herpesviruses for consecutive high level production of IFNI [36,37]. We reported the first evidence that pDCs actually constitute the major source of systemic IFN-I production during a viral infection in vivo using MCMV as a model [12,32]. To the best of our k ...
... the unique ability to rapidly recognize herpesviruses for consecutive high level production of IFNI [36,37]. We reported the first evidence that pDCs actually constitute the major source of systemic IFN-I production during a viral infection in vivo using MCMV as a model [12,32]. To the best of our k ...
ATPase isoforms in human kidney - AJP
... the rat and rabbit (12, 14, 23, 25, 31). Confocal imaging of the renal cells demonstrated that the H⫹-K⫹ATPase was primarily located in relatively large vesicles in the cytoplasm of the cell. For the enzyme to be active in the renal handling of hydrogen and potassium, it should be present in the pla ...
... the rat and rabbit (12, 14, 23, 25, 31). Confocal imaging of the renal cells demonstrated that the H⫹-K⫹ATPase was primarily located in relatively large vesicles in the cytoplasm of the cell. For the enzyme to be active in the renal handling of hydrogen and potassium, it should be present in the pla ...
Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-solubilized
... 1970) and that of M. mycoides subsp. capri is a glucan (Jones et al., 1965). It is well-established that strains of subsp. mycoides that may be quite distinct in many respects, such as growth rate and colony size on agar (Cottew & Yeats, 1978) or their ability to grow in the p-form (Rodwell et al., ...
... 1970) and that of M. mycoides subsp. capri is a glucan (Jones et al., 1965). It is well-established that strains of subsp. mycoides that may be quite distinct in many respects, such as growth rate and colony size on agar (Cottew & Yeats, 1978) or their ability to grow in the p-form (Rodwell et al., ...
Stimulation of growth of the human gastric
... Oxygen is important for many organisms; because of its high redox potential, it is a common electron acceptor in cellular respiration. However, diverse metabolic reactions generate cell-damaging reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide as byproducts. In response, cells ...
... Oxygen is important for many organisms; because of its high redox potential, it is a common electron acceptor in cellular respiration. However, diverse metabolic reactions generate cell-damaging reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide as byproducts. In response, cells ...
in MUC1-Transgenic Mice Cells CD8 T Cells by Dendritic/Tumor
... Endogenously synthesized proteins, such as that in viral infections, are processed and presented through the MHC class I-restricted pathway to CTL (2). In contrast, exogenous proteins from the extracellular environment are processed and displayed in association with class II molecules and recognized ...
... Endogenously synthesized proteins, such as that in viral infections, are processed and presented through the MHC class I-restricted pathway to CTL (2). In contrast, exogenous proteins from the extracellular environment are processed and displayed in association with class II molecules and recognized ...
Review
... at a molecular level [61]. It was found that full-length Foxp3 directly binds the Th-17-specific transcription factor RORgt and inhibits the expression of genes that define Th-17 cells [61]. Collectively, these findings suggest that the balance of TGF-b and IL-6 might determine the differentiation o ...
... at a molecular level [61]. It was found that full-length Foxp3 directly binds the Th-17-specific transcription factor RORgt and inhibits the expression of genes that define Th-17 cells [61]. Collectively, these findings suggest that the balance of TGF-b and IL-6 might determine the differentiation o ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.