Role of Bruton`s tyrosine kinase in innate and adaptive immunity
... to the membrane to synthesize local PtIns-4,5-P2 – the substrate required by both the Btk activator PI3K and the Btk target PLCγ2. Interestingly, it was shown that in vivo Btk autophosphorylation at Y223 is not required for Btk function, except for the regulation of λ light chain usage. Furthermore, ...
... to the membrane to synthesize local PtIns-4,5-P2 – the substrate required by both the Btk activator PI3K and the Btk target PLCγ2. Interestingly, it was shown that in vivo Btk autophosphorylation at Y223 is not required for Btk function, except for the regulation of λ light chain usage. Furthermore, ...
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... several genera of pathogenic, primarily Gram-positive bacteria that cause very different diseases. Examples include Streptococcus pyogenes, a common cause of upper respiratory infections, Bacillus anthracis, which mostly causes cutaneous infections, and Listeria monocytogenes, which causes gastroent ...
... several genera of pathogenic, primarily Gram-positive bacteria that cause very different diseases. Examples include Streptococcus pyogenes, a common cause of upper respiratory infections, Bacillus anthracis, which mostly causes cutaneous infections, and Listeria monocytogenes, which causes gastroent ...
T Lymphocyte Responses + Despite Augmenting Antigen
... pathogen-associated molecular patterns (3– 6). Mature DCs upregulate MHC and costimulatory molecules and migrate from tissues to regional lymph nodes, where they efficiently present captured Ags to naive T cells. However, DCs represent a small population of cells in vivo (7), and thus may be a limit ...
... pathogen-associated molecular patterns (3– 6). Mature DCs upregulate MHC and costimulatory molecules and migrate from tissues to regional lymph nodes, where they efficiently present captured Ags to naive T cells. However, DCs represent a small population of cells in vivo (7), and thus may be a limit ...
Immune responses to vaccines involving a combined antigen
... to antigen presenting cells (APCs) and regulate the antigen presentation pathway, or as immune potentiators that enhance the subsequent antigen-specific immune responses [3,10,11]. Ever since Kreuter et al. evaluated the adjuvanticity of polymethylmethacrylate nanoparticles for the influenza virus in ...
... to antigen presenting cells (APCs) and regulate the antigen presentation pathway, or as immune potentiators that enhance the subsequent antigen-specific immune responses [3,10,11]. Ever since Kreuter et al. evaluated the adjuvanticity of polymethylmethacrylate nanoparticles for the influenza virus in ...
Human complement control and complement evasion by pathogenic
... corresponding antigen, but also by endogenous self molecules including CRP (C reactive protein), Serum Amlyoid P and Pentraxin 3, and the (iii) lectin pathway is induced by specific carbohydrate structures that are present on the surface of foreign cells and bacteria. 1.1.2 Effector Level I - C3 con ...
... corresponding antigen, but also by endogenous self molecules including CRP (C reactive protein), Serum Amlyoid P and Pentraxin 3, and the (iii) lectin pathway is induced by specific carbohydrate structures that are present on the surface of foreign cells and bacteria. 1.1.2 Effector Level I - C3 con ...
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 5
... by secreting antibodies. T cells can be further subdivided into three major groups. Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are involved in killing of intracellular pathogens like viruses; helper T (Th) cells coordinate immune responses by cell-cell contact and the secretion of cytokines; and regulatory T (Treg) cel ...
... by secreting antibodies. T cells can be further subdivided into three major groups. Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are involved in killing of intracellular pathogens like viruses; helper T (Th) cells coordinate immune responses by cell-cell contact and the secretion of cytokines; and regulatory T (Treg) cel ...
Nitric Oxide and Sepsis
... (3) NO also interacts with the O-2 to yield ONOO-, a highly reactive compound that exacerbates the injury produced by either O-2 alone or NO alone. The ONOO- generation which occurs during fluid resuscitation in the injured subject produces cellular death by enhancing DNA single strand breakage, act ...
... (3) NO also interacts with the O-2 to yield ONOO-, a highly reactive compound that exacerbates the injury produced by either O-2 alone or NO alone. The ONOO- generation which occurs during fluid resuscitation in the injured subject produces cellular death by enhancing DNA single strand breakage, act ...
The role of senescent cells in ageing
... (V600E) is also DDR-independent and induces senescence through a metabolic mechanism involving upregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; Fig. 1)23. Several other studies underscored that senescence is closely linked to profound metabolic changes24,25. Furthermore, various tumour sup ...
... (V600E) is also DDR-independent and induces senescence through a metabolic mechanism involving upregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; Fig. 1)23. Several other studies underscored that senescence is closely linked to profound metabolic changes24,25. Furthermore, various tumour sup ...
I. Blood and Blood Cells
... 6. A person with type A blood has anti-B antibody in their plasma. 7. A person with type B blood has anti-A antibody in their plasma. 8. A person with type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their plasma. 9. A person with type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their ...
... 6. A person with type A blood has anti-B antibody in their plasma. 7. A person with type B blood has anti-A antibody in their plasma. 8. A person with type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their plasma. 9. A person with type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their ...
Chapter 16
... caused by the HIV-like virus SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). SIV causes an AIDS-like disease in some monkeys (macaques), but not in others (African green monkeys). It likewise causes autoimmunity in the macaques but not in the African green monkeys.250 The same correlation is seen with HIV in h ...
... caused by the HIV-like virus SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). SIV causes an AIDS-like disease in some monkeys (macaques), but not in others (African green monkeys). It likewise causes autoimmunity in the macaques but not in the African green monkeys.250 The same correlation is seen with HIV in h ...
Chapter 16
... caused by the HIV-like virus SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). SIV causes an AIDS-like disease in some monkeys (macaques), but not in others (African green monkeys). It likewise causes autoimmunity in the macaques but not in the African green monkeys.250 The same correlation is seen with HIV in h ...
... caused by the HIV-like virus SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). SIV causes an AIDS-like disease in some monkeys (macaques), but not in others (African green monkeys). It likewise causes autoimmunity in the macaques but not in the African green monkeys.250 The same correlation is seen with HIV in h ...
Assembled baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11
... Baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in insect cells and purified on CsC1 density gradients. The VLPs retained conformational neutralizing epitopes that were detected by a series of HPV-11-neutralizing monoclo ...
... Baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in insect cells and purified on CsC1 density gradients. The VLPs retained conformational neutralizing epitopes that were detected by a series of HPV-11-neutralizing monoclo ...
sistema inmune2
... The body produces many types of lymphocytes: – each fights a different type of antigen – active lymphocyte clones itself to fight specific antigen ...
... The body produces many types of lymphocytes: – each fights a different type of antigen – active lymphocyte clones itself to fight specific antigen ...
Characterization of CD56 CD16 natural killer (NK) cells: A highly
... is under the dominant control of a heterogeneous family of inhibitory NK receptors (iNKRs) that bind specifically to certain allelic forms of HLA of class I (HLA-I). In humans, the iNKRs are divided into two different groups: (i) killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs); (ii) LIR1兾ILT2 and NKG2A兾 ...
... is under the dominant control of a heterogeneous family of inhibitory NK receptors (iNKRs) that bind specifically to certain allelic forms of HLA of class I (HLA-I). In humans, the iNKRs are divided into two different groups: (i) killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs); (ii) LIR1兾ILT2 and NKG2A兾 ...
Correlations among measles virus
... correlates of protection against measles. Vaccine failure has been defined in terms of antibody response alone, and the markers of measles virus-specific cellular immunity after vaccination have been poorly characterized. Although the role and relative contribution of cellular immunity in imparting ...
... correlates of protection against measles. Vaccine failure has been defined in terms of antibody response alone, and the markers of measles virus-specific cellular immunity after vaccination have been poorly characterized. Although the role and relative contribution of cellular immunity in imparting ...
A dissection of T cell receptor signaling pathways
... Figure 4.3. Site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of select TCR signaling molecules. ............................... 53 Figure 4.4. Site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and PLC 1. ................................................. 55 Figure 5.2. Activation-induced downregulation of the T ...
... Figure 4.3. Site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of select TCR signaling molecules. ............................... 53 Figure 4.4. Site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and PLC 1. ................................................. 55 Figure 5.2. Activation-induced downregulation of the T ...
International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer 24th Annual
... Steven A. Rosenberg*. *Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; w Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in v ...
... Steven A. Rosenberg*. *Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; w Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in v ...
Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated
... Mann and Chung (84) recently demonstrated increased expression on circulating neutrophils of the adhesion molecules CD11b and CD35 and of resistance to the effects of prednisolone, all evidence for increased neutrophil activation. Gounni and coworkers (51) demonstrated that there exists a subpopulat ...
... Mann and Chung (84) recently demonstrated increased expression on circulating neutrophils of the adhesion molecules CD11b and CD35 and of resistance to the effects of prednisolone, all evidence for increased neutrophil activation. Gounni and coworkers (51) demonstrated that there exists a subpopulat ...
Analysis of the functional roles of Mammary Serum Amyloid A3 protein
... that may play an important functional role. In order to analyze the protein properties four studies were performed. In the first study, the protein was recombinantly produced in a bacterial expression system. This was important, as difficulty in protein purific ...
... that may play an important functional role. In order to analyze the protein properties four studies were performed. In the first study, the protein was recombinantly produced in a bacterial expression system. This was important, as difficulty in protein purific ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.