Understanding Autoimmune Disease – a review article for the layman
... subsequent challenge with the same antigen. Antibody production during this secondary immune response occurs much more rapidly, is of much greater magnitude and produces IgG. This phenomenon explains the lifetime immunity that follows many common infections; it is also the general principle on which ...
... subsequent challenge with the same antigen. Antibody production during this secondary immune response occurs much more rapidly, is of much greater magnitude and produces IgG. This phenomenon explains the lifetime immunity that follows many common infections; it is also the general principle on which ...
Mast Cell Activation and Migration to Lymph Nodes during
... A role for mast cells in a range of inflammatory and immunological events has been established clearly (1). For example, mast cells or their products have been shown to be pivotal in mediating leukocyte recruitment in vivo (2–5), they appear to play a key role in defense against bacterial infections ...
... A role for mast cells in a range of inflammatory and immunological events has been established clearly (1). For example, mast cells or their products have been shown to be pivotal in mediating leukocyte recruitment in vivo (2–5), they appear to play a key role in defense against bacterial infections ...
Phagocytes may counteract the “open window” situation during a
... lymphocytes, even during the recovery period. The T and B lymphocytes showed a similar behaviour during exercise, but with more marked changes in T cells: an increase at 7 min after the start of physical exercise that returned to the basal values immediately after exercise, and then a decrease (belo ...
... lymphocytes, even during the recovery period. The T and B lymphocytes showed a similar behaviour during exercise, but with more marked changes in T cells: an increase at 7 min after the start of physical exercise that returned to the basal values immediately after exercise, and then a decrease (belo ...
and anti-inflammatory phenomena in the physiopathology of type 2
... anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, they contribute to the resolution of inflammation, tissue repair and remodelling[14]. Despite being adopted here, and within the literature at large, one must bear in mind that the M1/M2 dichotomy seems to be an oversimplification, as macrophages with intermed ...
... anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, they contribute to the resolution of inflammation, tissue repair and remodelling[14]. Despite being adopted here, and within the literature at large, one must bear in mind that the M1/M2 dichotomy seems to be an oversimplification, as macrophages with intermed ...
Efficacy of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL
... Although the Study of Active Controlled Monotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis, an IL-6 Inhibitor (SAMURAI) trial [9] carried out in Japan suggested that tocilizumab monotherapy delayed and inhibited radiographic progression of joint destruction, this study is an open-label trial and the combination o ...
... Although the Study of Active Controlled Monotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis, an IL-6 Inhibitor (SAMURAI) trial [9] carried out in Japan suggested that tocilizumab monotherapy delayed and inhibited radiographic progression of joint destruction, this study is an open-label trial and the combination o ...
Complement in the Brain
... and a local, chronic inflammatory response that leads to attraction and activation of glial cells that, under such activation conditions, can produce neurotoxic substances, including proinflammatory cytokines and oxygen radicals. This process may be exacerbated by a disturbed balance between complem ...
... and a local, chronic inflammatory response that leads to attraction and activation of glial cells that, under such activation conditions, can produce neurotoxic substances, including proinflammatory cytokines and oxygen radicals. This process may be exacerbated by a disturbed balance between complem ...
Lung inflammatory responses
... and debris in the area, but also release enzymes that damage the tissues, chemokines that attract other cells of the immune system, and cytokines which further increase the inflammation present in the area. All of these events diminish the ability of the lungs to exchange gases, making them life thr ...
... and debris in the area, but also release enzymes that damage the tissues, chemokines that attract other cells of the immune system, and cytokines which further increase the inflammation present in the area. All of these events diminish the ability of the lungs to exchange gases, making them life thr ...
STUDIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE REGULATION ANNE LAHDENPERÄ
... mechanisms. The low intestinal expression of Th1, Th17 and Treg markers was normal in children with T1D, whereas children with T1D and CD had the same pattern as children with untreated CD: high intestinal secretion of pro-inflammatory and Th17 cytokines. The immune responses in children with T1D we ...
... mechanisms. The low intestinal expression of Th1, Th17 and Treg markers was normal in children with T1D, whereas children with T1D and CD had the same pattern as children with untreated CD: high intestinal secretion of pro-inflammatory and Th17 cytokines. The immune responses in children with T1D we ...
Immune-Genetic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem
... proposed by Varela and Coutinho in 1991. These models have been successfully applied to continuous optimization problems, automatic navigation system and automatic control field. However, the equations of continuous immune network model can not always be solved and usually it needs numerical integra ...
... proposed by Varela and Coutinho in 1991. These models have been successfully applied to continuous optimization problems, automatic navigation system and automatic control field. However, the equations of continuous immune network model can not always be solved and usually it needs numerical integra ...
Update in Endocrine Autoimmunity
... of the HLA region. Before the advent of GWA, the insulin (17, 34), PTPN22 (35), CTLA4 (36), and interleukin-2 receptor ␣-chain (also known as CD25) (37) genes were established to be associated with disease, and have also been confirmed with GWA. With the advent of large GWA studies on type 1 diabete ...
... of the HLA region. Before the advent of GWA, the insulin (17, 34), PTPN22 (35), CTLA4 (36), and interleukin-2 receptor ␣-chain (also known as CD25) (37) genes were established to be associated with disease, and have also been confirmed with GWA. With the advent of large GWA studies on type 1 diabete ...
Lymphatic
... help activate T cells Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages Reticular cells – fibroblastlike cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in ...
... help activate T cells Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages Reticular cells – fibroblastlike cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in ...
How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the
... βAPP) as central to the pathogenesis of cursor protein (β Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is also widely recognized that age is the most important risk factor for AD and that the innate immune system plays a role in the development of neurodegeneration. Little is known, however, about the molecular mec ...
... βAPP) as central to the pathogenesis of cursor protein (β Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is also widely recognized that age is the most important risk factor for AD and that the innate immune system plays a role in the development of neurodegeneration. Little is known, however, about the molecular mec ...
Cytokine production of RSV/PHA-stimulated tonsillar mononuclear S. Ichinohe , I.R. Hussain
... Asthma now affects up to 30% of the childhood population in westernised societies [1]. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is an important risk factor for asthma and atopic sensitisation at 7 yrs of age [2, 3]. However, the pathogenesis of RSV-induced bronchiolitis in early childhood and ...
... Asthma now affects up to 30% of the childhood population in westernised societies [1]. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is an important risk factor for asthma and atopic sensitisation at 7 yrs of age [2, 3]. However, the pathogenesis of RSV-induced bronchiolitis in early childhood and ...
Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Infections
... by the FDA under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988], speed, and convenience for point-ofcare testing. However, speed and simplicity come at a price which is decreased performance. All of the antigen/enzyme membrane assays are less specific than culture or DFA, resulting i ...
... by the FDA under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988], speed, and convenience for point-ofcare testing. However, speed and simplicity come at a price which is decreased performance. All of the antigen/enzyme membrane assays are less specific than culture or DFA, resulting i ...
B-cell depletion inhibits arthritis in a collagen
... clinical improvement remains elusive.20 Given that B cells exist as lymphoid aggregates within the synovium of patients with RA, it is reasonable to assume that B-cell functions other than antibody production (eg, cytokine production, antigen presentation, provision of costimulatory signals to T cel ...
... clinical improvement remains elusive.20 Given that B cells exist as lymphoid aggregates within the synovium of patients with RA, it is reasonable to assume that B-cell functions other than antibody production (eg, cytokine production, antigen presentation, provision of costimulatory signals to T cel ...
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Fact Sheet
... that are clinically meaningful. The following list includes selected lymphoid malignancies in the current WHO classification. ...
... that are clinically meaningful. The following list includes selected lymphoid malignancies in the current WHO classification. ...
Increasing Complexity of Vaccine Development
... infectious cause of congenital abnormalities since the elimination of rubella as well as the most common infectious complication of organ and hematogenous stem cell transplantation, a vaccine against CMV is badly needed [21–23]. The first CMV vaccine to be extensively tested in humans was a live atte ...
... infectious cause of congenital abnormalities since the elimination of rubella as well as the most common infectious complication of organ and hematogenous stem cell transplantation, a vaccine against CMV is badly needed [21–23]. The first CMV vaccine to be extensively tested in humans was a live atte ...
New Title - cloudfront.net
... White blood cells are the “army” of the circulatory system—they guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. There are many types of white blood cells, and they perform a wide variety of important functions. Some protect the body by acting as phagocytes, or “eating cells,” that eng ...
... White blood cells are the “army” of the circulatory system—they guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. There are many types of white blood cells, and they perform a wide variety of important functions. Some protect the body by acting as phagocytes, or “eating cells,” that eng ...
Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors as Nutritional Activators of Innate
... din but not zein caused a dose-dependent secretion of IL-8, TNF, and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in both cell lines (Fig. 1, A and B; and not depicted) in accordance with other studies (Nikulina et al., 2004; Cinova et al., 2007). To rule out LPS contamination as a trigger of innate respo ...
... din but not zein caused a dose-dependent secretion of IL-8, TNF, and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in both cell lines (Fig. 1, A and B; and not depicted) in accordance with other studies (Nikulina et al., 2004; Cinova et al., 2007). To rule out LPS contamination as a trigger of innate respo ...
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR){alpha
... mice have shown that this propensity to develop Th1 immunity also helps females clear certain viruses (i.e., Theilers murine encephalomyelitis and herpes simplex virus-1) more effectively (14–16). Whether gender differences also exist in the development of Th17 immunity is not known. Although the m ...
... mice have shown that this propensity to develop Th1 immunity also helps females clear certain viruses (i.e., Theilers murine encephalomyelitis and herpes simplex virus-1) more effectively (14–16). Whether gender differences also exist in the development of Th17 immunity is not known. Although the m ...
A B - Padis
... several specialized cell types, including multinucleated giant cells, foamy and epithelioid macrophages. With the development of an acquired immune response, and the arrival of lymphocytes, the granuloma acquires a more organized structure: the macrophage-rich center becomes surrounded by a mantle o ...
... several specialized cell types, including multinucleated giant cells, foamy and epithelioid macrophages. With the development of an acquired immune response, and the arrival of lymphocytes, the granuloma acquires a more organized structure: the macrophage-rich center becomes surrounded by a mantle o ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.