PD-1 Blockade in Chronically HIV-1
... PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells varied among chronically HIV-infected BLT mice Although the majority of the HIV-infected BLT mice demonstrated a dramatic increase in PD-1 expression on their CD8+ T cells, some mice did not. Different extents of CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression observed at 13 weeks p.i. a ...
... PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells varied among chronically HIV-infected BLT mice Although the majority of the HIV-infected BLT mice demonstrated a dramatic increase in PD-1 expression on their CD8+ T cells, some mice did not. Different extents of CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression observed at 13 weeks p.i. a ...
T Cell Differentiation - The Journal of Immunology
... largely unresolved partly due to difficulty of discriminating between effector and memory CD8⫹ T lymphocytes during an immune response. Currently, three models on the differentiation of memory CD8⫹ T cells exist in the literature (12–14). The first model, “stem cell-associated differentiation” (SCAD ...
... largely unresolved partly due to difficulty of discriminating between effector and memory CD8⫹ T lymphocytes during an immune response. Currently, three models on the differentiation of memory CD8⫹ T cells exist in the literature (12–14). The first model, “stem cell-associated differentiation” (SCAD ...
Hepatitis B virus: from immunobiology to
... The cccDNA remains in the nucleus of infected cells, and capped and polyadenylated viral mRNA is produced that resembles the cellular transcripts. Eventually, the viral replicative genome is sequestered within viral capsids into the cytoplasm. Thus the virus is almost invisible to the innate sensing ...
... The cccDNA remains in the nucleus of infected cells, and capped and polyadenylated viral mRNA is produced that resembles the cellular transcripts. Eventually, the viral replicative genome is sequestered within viral capsids into the cytoplasm. Thus the virus is almost invisible to the innate sensing ...
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Inflammation: Its Involvement in
... [10] who demonstrated the expression of MHC class II molecules and the presence of activated T cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. Analysis of plaque-infiltrating T cells revealed that these cells primarily showed the proinflammatory Th1 phenotype [11]. Subsequent studies on different animal mode ...
... [10] who demonstrated the expression of MHC class II molecules and the presence of activated T cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. Analysis of plaque-infiltrating T cells revealed that these cells primarily showed the proinflammatory Th1 phenotype [11]. Subsequent studies on different animal mode ...
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte–Defined Human Minor
... HLA-A2 and 80% do not express HLA-B44, most recipients would not be eligible for therapy targeting any of these four minor H antigens.31 Moreover, even for donor/recipient pairs expressing HLA-A2, the clinical use of HA-2 and HA-5 as targets for GVL therapy is limited because HA-2 and HA-5 are expre ...
... HLA-A2 and 80% do not express HLA-B44, most recipients would not be eligible for therapy targeting any of these four minor H antigens.31 Moreover, even for donor/recipient pairs expressing HLA-A2, the clinical use of HA-2 and HA-5 as targets for GVL therapy is limited because HA-2 and HA-5 are expre ...
A minimum of two distinct heritable factors are required to explain
... Hawkins et al. (2009) have reported a dataset derived from visual annotation of dividing primary naive B lymphocytes stimulated using the TLR-9 ligand, CpG. The initial populations of cells and their progeny were cultured on Terasaki plates and followed for 120 h using time-lapse microscopy. Images ...
... Hawkins et al. (2009) have reported a dataset derived from visual annotation of dividing primary naive B lymphocytes stimulated using the TLR-9 ligand, CpG. The initial populations of cells and their progeny were cultured on Terasaki plates and followed for 120 h using time-lapse microscopy. Images ...
Anthrax Lethal Toxin-Mediated Killing of Human and Murine
... Many pathogens have acquired strategies to combat the immune response. Bacillus anthracis interferes with host defenses by releasing anthrax lethal toxin (LT), which inactivates mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, rendering dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes nonresponsive to immune stimu ...
... Many pathogens have acquired strategies to combat the immune response. Bacillus anthracis interferes with host defenses by releasing anthrax lethal toxin (LT), which inactivates mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, rendering dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes nonresponsive to immune stimu ...
Airgas template - Morgan Community College
... Rationale: Histamine is one of the first chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response as a result of mast cell degranulation. Mast-cell stabilizers (used to treat asthma) prevent the histamine from being released; antihistamines (used to treat allergies) compete with histamine for re ...
... Rationale: Histamine is one of the first chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response as a result of mast cell degranulation. Mast-cell stabilizers (used to treat asthma) prevent the histamine from being released; antihistamines (used to treat allergies) compete with histamine for re ...
Cytokine function of heat shock proteins - AJP
... The reported HSP cytokine effects are similar to those of LPS and bacterial lipoprotein. Because the recombinant bacterial and human HSPs are produced by Escherichia coli expressing HSP cDNAs, the final preparations may be contaminated with bacterial products. Likewise, HSP preparations isolated fro ...
... The reported HSP cytokine effects are similar to those of LPS and bacterial lipoprotein. Because the recombinant bacterial and human HSPs are produced by Escherichia coli expressing HSP cDNAs, the final preparations may be contaminated with bacterial products. Likewise, HSP preparations isolated fro ...
Low CD4+ T Cell Nadir Is an Independent Predictor of Lower HIV
... reviews.html) at the time of the study. HIV-1–specific T cell responses were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay with frozen PBMCs (0.7–1 ⫻ 10 5 cells/well) [10, 11]. For the evaluation of Gagspecific responses, pools of 5–6 overlapping Gag peptides were placed in each well, an ...
... reviews.html) at the time of the study. HIV-1–specific T cell responses were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay with frozen PBMCs (0.7–1 ⫻ 10 5 cells/well) [10, 11]. For the evaluation of Gagspecific responses, pools of 5–6 overlapping Gag peptides were placed in each well, an ...
SFTA3, a novel protein of the lung: Three
... failure [1]. Beyond this function, the proteins of the pulmonary surfactant, surfactant proteins (SP), contribute to the innate immune defence against inhaled pathogens and moreover act as anti-inflammatory substances [2]. Lung SPs are mainly secreted by alveolar type II cells. Four different lung S ...
... failure [1]. Beyond this function, the proteins of the pulmonary surfactant, surfactant proteins (SP), contribute to the innate immune defence against inhaled pathogens and moreover act as anti-inflammatory substances [2]. Lung SPs are mainly secreted by alveolar type II cells. Four different lung S ...
Failure to dilate is a predictor of mortality
... – Bacterial protein secretion systems • Transporter systems allowing delivery of bacterial products into the extracellular matrix ...
... – Bacterial protein secretion systems • Transporter systems allowing delivery of bacterial products into the extracellular matrix ...
Z. Yuan, X. Fan, B. Staitieh, et al. HIV
... with lipoolysaccharide through Egr2-Bcl2 signaling. Recent studies suggest a role for TREM-1 in viral immunity. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) targets the monocyte/macrophage lineage at varying stages of infection. Emerging data suggest that macrophages are key reservoirs for latent HIV even i ...
... with lipoolysaccharide through Egr2-Bcl2 signaling. Recent studies suggest a role for TREM-1 in viral immunity. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) targets the monocyte/macrophage lineage at varying stages of infection. Emerging data suggest that macrophages are key reservoirs for latent HIV even i ...
The decidua—the maternal bed embracing the embryo—maintains
... (endo-reduplication/polyploidy), which allows expression of multiple genes and secretion of the translated proteins with less energy consumption, and is considered to be an important hallmark of decidual maturation in rodents and humans [21, 22]. In the mouse model deficient in Death effector domain ...
... (endo-reduplication/polyploidy), which allows expression of multiple genes and secretion of the translated proteins with less energy consumption, and is considered to be an important hallmark of decidual maturation in rodents and humans [21, 22]. In the mouse model deficient in Death effector domain ...
properties of the amniotic membrane
... of these cells. It has been reported that an average yield is more than 100 million AECs per amnion collected (Miki et al., 2005). With attention to the robust proliferation of these cells in the presence of certain growth factors such as EGF, large numbers of stem cells could potentially be availab ...
... of these cells. It has been reported that an average yield is more than 100 million AECs per amnion collected (Miki et al., 2005). With attention to the robust proliferation of these cells in the presence of certain growth factors such as EGF, large numbers of stem cells could potentially be availab ...
Efficient isolation of live microglia with preserved phenotypes from
... inflammatory molecules. Hence, to enable direct analysis of microglial activities ex vivo, an efficient, reliable, and reproducible method of microglial isolation is needed. Methods: After enzymatic digestion of brain tissues and myelin removal, CD11b+ cells were isolated using immunomagnetic separa ...
... inflammatory molecules. Hence, to enable direct analysis of microglial activities ex vivo, an efficient, reliable, and reproducible method of microglial isolation is needed. Methods: After enzymatic digestion of brain tissues and myelin removal, CD11b+ cells were isolated using immunomagnetic separa ...
Type 2 Immunity Reflects Orchestrated Recruitment of Cells
... translation otherwise constrained at the 5⬘-cap in resting cells (Stetson et al., 2003). After stimulation with PMA/ ionomycin, however, essentially all of the eGFP⫹ CD4 T cells secreted IL-4 protein in direct proportion to their fluorescence intensity (Figure 1D). The majority of eGFP⫹ eosinophils ...
... translation otherwise constrained at the 5⬘-cap in resting cells (Stetson et al., 2003). After stimulation with PMA/ ionomycin, however, essentially all of the eGFP⫹ CD4 T cells secreted IL-4 protein in direct proportion to their fluorescence intensity (Figure 1D). The majority of eGFP⫹ eosinophils ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.