Stains - Dr Magrann
... The first step in preparing a slide for staining is to “fix” the slide. This is done by passing the slide through a flame a few times. The purpose of this is to attach the cells (or the bacteria) to the slide and kill the microbes. This procedure shrinks the cells and causes the proteins in the cell ...
... The first step in preparing a slide for staining is to “fix” the slide. This is done by passing the slide through a flame a few times. The purpose of this is to attach the cells (or the bacteria) to the slide and kill the microbes. This procedure shrinks the cells and causes the proteins in the cell ...
Fontana & Vance (2011) Imm Rev
... among broad classes of microbes but are absent in the host (2). While these molecular motifs are routinely referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), they are actually common to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Thus, the classical model does not clearly establish a me ...
... among broad classes of microbes but are absent in the host (2). While these molecular motifs are routinely referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), they are actually common to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Thus, the classical model does not clearly establish a me ...
Shen-Diabetes 2014 - Stanford Medicine
... B-1a recipients exhibited partial restoration of glucose sensitivity, which is consistent with a protective role for IL-10 (Fig. 2G and H). IgM production by IL-10null B-1a cells was not significantly different from IgM production by WT B-1a cells (Fig. 2I). Taken together, these results indicate tha ...
... B-1a recipients exhibited partial restoration of glucose sensitivity, which is consistent with a protective role for IL-10 (Fig. 2G and H). IgM production by IL-10null B-1a cells was not significantly different from IgM production by WT B-1a cells (Fig. 2I). Taken together, these results indicate tha ...
Virus evolution within patients increases pathogenicity
... PnÞ is larger than before the invasion, and hence Y ¼ i¼1 bi yi should increase. Fig. 1 illustrates the situation where two strains (strains 1 and 3) exist in the initial population, and then strain 2 invades it (a1 =b1 oa2 =b2 oa3 =b3 ). The broken curve in Fig. 1 is for the population before the i ...
... PnÞ is larger than before the invasion, and hence Y ¼ i¼1 bi yi should increase. Fig. 1 illustrates the situation where two strains (strains 1 and 3) exist in the initial population, and then strain 2 invades it (a1 =b1 oa2 =b2 oa3 =b3 ). The broken curve in Fig. 1 is for the population before the i ...
Vet`s Corner – Canine vaccination testing
... response following the completion of the first series of puppy vaccinations is probably the most common and important use of the titre test, and is applicable for all puppies. Not all individuals respond to vaccination in the normal way, either because maternal antibodies (transferred via the milk d ...
... response following the completion of the first series of puppy vaccinations is probably the most common and important use of the titre test, and is applicable for all puppies. Not all individuals respond to vaccination in the normal way, either because maternal antibodies (transferred via the milk d ...
rBCG - stopenterics
... acidic pH. The gene (ureC) encoding the urease enzyme that blocks the acidification of the phagosome containing BCG was deleted as a means of providing the optimal pH for listeriolysin function. This vaccine demonstrated improved safety in SCID mice and superior potency than BCG control to reduce Mt ...
... acidic pH. The gene (ureC) encoding the urease enzyme that blocks the acidification of the phagosome containing BCG was deleted as a means of providing the optimal pH for listeriolysin function. This vaccine demonstrated improved safety in SCID mice and superior potency than BCG control to reduce Mt ...
Reaching the Biological Cure - Diabetes Research Institute
... engraft and improve blood glucose control. This exciting research is now moving into clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the DRI’s submission to initiate a pilot clinical study to test islets transplanted into one of the platforms considered for a DRI BioHub – a “bio ...
... engraft and improve blood glucose control. This exciting research is now moving into clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the DRI’s submission to initiate a pilot clinical study to test islets transplanted into one of the platforms considered for a DRI BioHub – a “bio ...
Understanding Immune REcognition
... of the forces involved are considered to be relatively weak. How can weak hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic forces, and van der Waals contacts lead to a high affinity? • Contact between antigen and antibody occurs over a wide surface area, allowing multiple weak interactions tha ...
... of the forces involved are considered to be relatively weak. How can weak hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic forces, and van der Waals contacts lead to a high affinity? • Contact between antigen and antibody occurs over a wide surface area, allowing multiple weak interactions tha ...
IMULAN Initiates Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Study
... immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), produce an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which permits them to insert copies of their own genetic material into host cells. About Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: LTCI is a conditionally approved treatment aid for cats infected ...
... immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), produce an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which permits them to insert copies of their own genetic material into host cells. About Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: LTCI is a conditionally approved treatment aid for cats infected ...
Lymphatic/Immune System
... Cytotoxic T cells continually monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and virusinfected cells by release of proteins, cutting holes and by other means. ...
... Cytotoxic T cells continually monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and virusinfected cells by release of proteins, cutting holes and by other means. ...
ch22 Lymphatics
... A. The ability to ward off the pathogens that produce disease is called resistance or (immunity). B. Lack of resistance is called susceptibility. C. Resistance to disease can be grouped into two broad areas. – Innate and Adaptive 1. Nonspecific resistance or innate immunity are present at birth and ...
... A. The ability to ward off the pathogens that produce disease is called resistance or (immunity). B. Lack of resistance is called susceptibility. C. Resistance to disease can be grouped into two broad areas. – Innate and Adaptive 1. Nonspecific resistance or innate immunity are present at birth and ...
Document
... Cytotoxic T cells continually monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and virusinfected cells by release of proteins, cutting holes and by other means. ...
... Cytotoxic T cells continually monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and virusinfected cells by release of proteins, cutting holes and by other means. ...
Document
... Lymph nodes and vessels can be dissected or disrupted. Radiation Therapy Can result in fibrosis of involved tissue which can decrease circulation of lymph fluid. Radiation can also shrink lymph nodes. Secondary lymphedema can develop as a result of surgery or radiation because these procedures damag ...
... Lymph nodes and vessels can be dissected or disrupted. Radiation Therapy Can result in fibrosis of involved tissue which can decrease circulation of lymph fluid. Radiation can also shrink lymph nodes. Secondary lymphedema can develop as a result of surgery or radiation because these procedures damag ...
Taking Advantage: High-Affinity B Cells in the Germinal Center Have
... Ectopic overexpression of Bcl-2-family antiapoptotic proteins does inhibit apoptosis in the GC, along with a number of other perturbations of B cell development and immune response (17). With Bcl-xL transgenic (Tg) overexpression, affinity maturation of Ab-forming cells was subverted (18), but this ...
... Ectopic overexpression of Bcl-2-family antiapoptotic proteins does inhibit apoptosis in the GC, along with a number of other perturbations of B cell development and immune response (17). With Bcl-xL transgenic (Tg) overexpression, affinity maturation of Ab-forming cells was subverted (18), but this ...
Chapter 1: General introduction - UvA-DARE
... example suffer from neutropenia, are prone to fungal infections and the prevalence of C. albicans infections has soared during the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and 1990s. Also, patients undergoing chemotherapy are vulnerable to infections. Additionally, more severely immune-suppressed patients survive ...
... example suffer from neutropenia, are prone to fungal infections and the prevalence of C. albicans infections has soared during the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and 1990s. Also, patients undergoing chemotherapy are vulnerable to infections. Additionally, more severely immune-suppressed patients survive ...
Long-term protection from syngeneic acute
... poorer prognosis, with the majority dying of the disease.5 New treatment strategies are urgently needed for this condition. The strategy of pursuing immune therapy as a novel therapeutic approach for ALL is supported by the observed graft-versusleukemia effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplan ...
... poorer prognosis, with the majority dying of the disease.5 New treatment strategies are urgently needed for this condition. The strategy of pursuing immune therapy as a novel therapeutic approach for ALL is supported by the observed graft-versusleukemia effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplan ...
Review IL-23 and IL-27
... ameliorated established colitis. The realization that p40 is shared between IL-12 and IL23 suggested that the latter cytokine might account for this disparity. Moreover, the finding that stimulation of activated and/or memory T cells in the presence of IL-23 (but not IL12) led to the production of IL ...
... ameliorated established colitis. The realization that p40 is shared between IL-12 and IL23 suggested that the latter cytokine might account for this disparity. Moreover, the finding that stimulation of activated and/or memory T cells in the presence of IL-23 (but not IL12) led to the production of IL ...
Elevated serum anti-flagellin antibodies implicate
... reactivity [10]. Flagellin, a molecular component of bacterial surfaces, interacts with Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and thereby stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In CD, it has recently been shown that TLR5-stop mutation abrogates development of antiCBir1 in a dominant-negative ...
... reactivity [10]. Flagellin, a molecular component of bacterial surfaces, interacts with Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and thereby stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In CD, it has recently been shown that TLR5-stop mutation abrogates development of antiCBir1 in a dominant-negative ...
Preparation of polyclonal antibody against porcine - Funpec-RP
... Mammalian defensins are classified as α, β, and θ defensins based on the connectivity of three disulfide bridges (Lehrer and Ganz, 2002; Selsted and Ouellette, 2005). Evolutionarily, b-defensins are the oldest of the defensins (Sang et al. 2006). In pigs, only β-defensins have been found, which were ...
... Mammalian defensins are classified as α, β, and θ defensins based on the connectivity of three disulfide bridges (Lehrer and Ganz, 2002; Selsted and Ouellette, 2005). Evolutionarily, b-defensins are the oldest of the defensins (Sang et al. 2006). In pigs, only β-defensins have been found, which were ...
Xenopus laevis Antiviral Immunity in the Amphibian Innate T Cells
... the more extensively characterized iVa6 T cells, X. laevis also possesses a population of XNC10-reactive CD8dim+ T cells with a more diverse, albeit iVa6-Ja1.43 biased, TCR repertoire termed XNC10-restricted type II cells. Currently, it is unclear whether these non-invariant type II cells represent ...
... the more extensively characterized iVa6 T cells, X. laevis also possesses a population of XNC10-reactive CD8dim+ T cells with a more diverse, albeit iVa6-Ja1.43 biased, TCR repertoire termed XNC10-restricted type II cells. Currently, it is unclear whether these non-invariant type II cells represent ...
Immune response and virus population composition: HIV as a case
... but not to create a coherent impression of the various aspects of the disease (but see Nowak and May 1994). Cell-directed immune response carried out by TC-cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes; CTL) is the major weapon deployed by the immune system in its struggle against HIV (Ogg et al. 1999). The nature ...
... but not to create a coherent impression of the various aspects of the disease (but see Nowak and May 1994). Cell-directed immune response carried out by TC-cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes; CTL) is the major weapon deployed by the immune system in its struggle against HIV (Ogg et al. 1999). The nature ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.