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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity

... ● Mechanical (tight junctions, movement) ● Chemical (fatty acids, enzymes, pH, antimicrobial peptides) ● Microbiological (normal flora) ...
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... c All cells have the same genetic material, but different cells use different active genes to make them function differently < Click on Animation Link to learn how gene segments are combined to produce a large number of diverse antibodies > ...
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... • most effective antigens are large and complex • haptens are small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves ...
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... Future of immunotherapy antigen specific immunosuppression lower toxicity and side effects the more we know about etiology, the more focused could be the attack ...
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Altered Immune Responses - rivier.instructure.com.
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... – Immune response involves complex interactions of T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and neutrophils - depends on Cytokines – Acts as messenger between the cell types – Instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity – 60 different ones – Can have detrimental effects ...
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... damaged cells in people with diabetes. Whether new insulin-producing β-cells in the adult pancreas develop from stem cells has been hotly debated. Simon Smukler and his colleagues at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada, now report the isolation of ‘pancreas-derived multipotent precursor cel ...
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... Self vs. Not Self • Like most systems things can go wrong, such as when the immune system attacks itself, not recognizing the proteins that code a cell as “self.” When this happens it is known as an autoimmune disease. • In the case of tissue implants, they may be rejected if the tissue cells don’t ...
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... A) monoclonal antibodies B) antigens C) allergens D) epitopes E) stem cells 30.32. Type-1 diabetes mellitus occurs when the _____________________are the targets of Cytotoxic T cells. A) glial cells that produce the myelin sheath B) amylase producing cells of the salivary gland cells C) insulin produ ...
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... •These cells are phagocytes (eliminate the pathogens) •Activate the innate immune response (by secreted proteins, called cytokines) •Activate the adaptive immune system. Macrophages serve as APCs that display antigens to and activate T lymphocytes •Dendritic cells are constitutively present in tissu ...
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... antibodies, provoked deficiencies in olfactory capabilities and depression in mice [31,32]. Likewise, the 16/16 antibody bound to similar areas in the olfactory machinery as those to which anti-P ribosomal antibodies bind. Kivity et al. [33] identified another weapon at the armory of the 16/6 idioty ...
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... • Release of sequestered antigens: Tissue damage by infection may allow access of T cells and B cells to sequestered antigens. • Antigenic (molecular) mimicry is when similarity between foreign antigen and self protein results in cross-reactivity. ...
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... Vaccine safety is becoming an increasingly important criterion for newly developed vaccines for neglected, emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases or for next-generation products replacing existing vaccines. Properly selected and highly purified recombinant antigens can fill these needs, if anti ...
The Immune System - Life Sciences Outreach Program
The Immune System - Life Sciences Outreach Program

... c All cells have the same genetic material, but different cells use different active genes to make them function differently < Click on Animation Link to learn how gene segments are combined to produce a large number of diverse antibodies > ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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