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Bio 103 Final Exam
Multiple Choice – Choose best answer – 1 pt. each
1. What are the cells in a sponge that are primarily responsible for trapping food particles from circulating water?
A) amoebocytes
B) choanocytes
C) mesohyl cells
D) pore cells (porocytes)
E) epidermal cells
2. According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism
B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes
C) by tertiary endosymbiosis
D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont
3. At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
A) fertilization
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) organogenesis
E) metamorphosis
4. Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant
environments?
A) hemocoel
B) wings
C) jointed appendages
D) chewing mandibles
E) internal fertilization
5. Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all chordates?
A) pharyngeal clefts
B) post-anal tail
C) notochord
D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
E) four-chambered heart
6. Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a python. The ________ would have the
highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A) elephant; mouse
B) elephant; human
C) human; penguin
D) mouse; python
E) penguin; mouse
7. Differentiation of teeth is greatest in
A) sharks.
B) bony fishes.
C) amphibians.
D) reptiles.
E) mammals.
8. Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because
A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
B) pressure in the alveoli increases.
C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.
D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs.
E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.
9. Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule?
A) the epitope
B) the constant or C regions
C) the variable or V regions
D) the light chains
E) the heavy chains
10. Which structure is the first section of the nephron tubule into which the filtrate enters?
A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) ureter
D) proximal tubule
E) glomerulus
11. A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)
A) secretory cell.
B) plasma cell.
C) endocrine cell.
D) target cell.
E) regulatory cell.
12. In humans, the egg is released from the ovary and enters the oviduct. How is this accomplished?
A) The force of the follicular ejection propels the egg into the oviduct.
B) The egg is drawn into the oviduct by the action of beating cilia located in the opening of the oviduct.
C) The egg moves through a small tube that connects the ovary and the oviduct.
D) The egg propels itself into the oviduct by the beating action of its flagellum.
E) Peristalsis of ovarian muscles moves the egg into the oviduct.
13. What causes the "slow block" to polyspermy?
A) a transient voltage change across the membrane
B) the consumption of yolk protein
C) the jelly coat blocking sperm penetration
D) formation of the fertilization envelope
E) inactivation of the sperm acrosome
14. Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse?
1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.
2. Ca2+ ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm.
3. Action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal membrane.
4. Ligand-gated ion channels open.
5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1
C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
D) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
E) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3
15. Which of the following is a correct statement about the cells of the human retina?
A) Cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot.
B) Cone cells are more sensitive to light than rod cells are.
C) Cone cells, but not rod cells, have a visual pigment.
D) Rod cells are most highly concentrated in the center of the retina.
E) Rod cells require higher illumination for stimulation than do cone cells.
16. What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?
A) break the cross-bridges as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP
B) bind to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites
C) transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction
D) spread the action potential through the T tubules
E) reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential
Short answers- please ONLY answer question – extra material unnecessary – 3 pts. each
1. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry, and explain how animal symmetry may match the animal’s way of
life.
2. State 3 characteristics that distinguish between protists and prokaryotes.
3. Distinguish between acoelomates and coelomates.
4. Describe the 4 derived traits that define Phylum Chordata
5. Describe 4 processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment
6. Explain 2 factors that help prevent pepsin from digesting the stomach lining
7. Explain how a gastrovascular cavity functions in part as a circulatory system
8. Define sinoatrial (SA) node and describe its location in the heart.
9. Relate the structure of erythrocytes to their function.
10. Distinguish between humoral and cell mediated response
11. Explain how the particular structure of a lymphocyte’s antigen binding site forms during development.
Explain the role of recombinase in generating the staggering variability of lymphocytes
12. Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridial) excretory system functions.
13. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and
the endocrine system. Explain how they are coordinated.
14. List the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates, and give an example of
each.
15. Discuss how and why different target cells exposed to the same hormone may respond in different ways.
16. Describe several adaptive advantages of asexual reproduction. Discuss the conditions that may favor the
occurrence of asexual reproduction.
17. Describe mechanisms that increase the probability that mature sperm will encounter fertile eggs of the
same species in organisms that use external fertilization.
18. Describe or draw the cortical reaction.
19. Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance. Explain how this process rearranges the
embryo. List adult structures derived from each of the primary germ layers.
20. Describe briefly why action potentials travel only one way along an axon.
21. Define a membrane potential and a resting potential.
22. Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance.
23. Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing organ.
Essays – 10 pts. each.
1. Describe the main antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the primary response vs. secondary response of a
human immune system.
b. Why are there different types of APCs in primary vs. secondary immune response?
c. How are MHC molecules associated with this process?
2. Draw and label a diagram to identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of
the human female.