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BLA Biology (2016-17)
BLA Biology (2016-17)

... 3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active. 4. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells. 5. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T – Cells. 6. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells. 7. At the same t ...
Autoimmune diseases
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... Type I interferons play a role in lymphocyte activation in SLE. High levels of circulating type I interferons and a molecular signature in blood cells suggesting exposure to these cytokines has been reported in SLE patients and correlates with disease severity. Type I interferons are antiviral cytok ...
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Chapter 43: The Immune System

... Active helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes to promote humoral and cell-mediated response iv. Naïve helper T cells—helper T cells that have not yet detected antigen; v. Macrophages present antigens to memory T cells; B cells present antigens to helper T cells in humoral ...
Chapter 39 Immunity from Disease
Chapter 39 Immunity from Disease

... Damage to the host by viruses and bacteria • Most of the damage done to host cells by bacteria is inflicted by toxins. • These poisons can inhibit protein synthesis in the host cell, destroy blood cells and blood vessels, produce fever, or cause spasms by disrupting the nervous system. ...
Chapter 17: Adaptive (specific) Immunity Adaptive Immunity
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... • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are proteins. Each Ig must be coded for by a gene. • The human immune system can recognize more than 10,000,000 different antigens – This means if we had one gene for each antibody, we would need 107 genes for Ig production alone! • (The entire human genome actually co ...
Immune system
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... (receptor:TCR in complex with CD, Ag split in peptide fragments in complex with MHC presented by APC (Tc) MHC I+Ag (TH) Ag +MHC II presenting by APC ...
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020909.M1-Immuno - Open.Michigan

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The Immune System - Town of Mansfield, CT
The Immune System - Town of Mansfield, CT

... • Antibodies are special proteins that are Yshaped. The tips of the branches are sensitive to specific antigens. When they encounter that specific antigen, they cling to it. When the antibody clings to the pathogen, it enables it from moving around through the cell walls. ...
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... manufactured ether-bonded fatty molecules through synthetic chemistry, and found that they were similarly able to activate iNKT cells, promoting their development in the thymus. In addition, the scientists uncovered that these ether-bonded fats were the same type of fatty molecules which are produce ...
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... multi-functional responses have been shown to enhance microbial and tumour immunity as well as suppressing autoimmune disease and promoting tolerance. However, iNKTs have also been shown to exacerbate certain other diseases such as allergy. There are many ongoing clinical studies that hope to exploi ...
Transplant Immunology Principles
Transplant Immunology Principles

... • The list of HLA antigens keeps changing, some disappear, some are combined, some split • There are sets of HLA antigens based on common responses, ie, if you react to X, you will react to Z, F, & Q, etc…sometimes these are called “public antigens”…This is a reaction to areas of the antigens that h ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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