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... Regulation (continued) Thrombin initiates clot formation, but also activates Protein C.  This is the initial step in dismantling the blood clotting cascade.  Protein C is also a serine protease. Its targets are the non-enzymatic cofactors of the clotting cascade, factors V & VIII.  By deactivati ...
immune responses to tumors
immune responses to tumors

... – tumor-specific antigens: Antigens that are expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells – tumor-associated antigens: Tumor antigens that are also expressed on normal cells ...
Challenging the theory of Artificial Immunity
Challenging the theory of Artificial Immunity

Bacteria and Virus test review
Bacteria and Virus test review

... 7. __________________________Any microorganism that can cause disease 8. __________________________Poison produced by some bacteria 9. __________________________The most common group of bacteria 10.__________________________A medicine that kills bacteria 11. __________________________Using bacteria ...
Chapter Fourteen Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Chapter Fourteen Lymphatic and Immune Systems

... Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune response Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem ce ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... producing daughter cells which replace the dead tissue cells. Signaling molecules called growth factors are important in producing this cell growth/cell division effect. The chemokine CXCL8 (formerly known as IL-8) stimulates platelets (which are activated by IL-6) to synthesize and release platelet ...
Open questions: microbes, metabolism and host-pathogen interactions Open Access
Open questions: microbes, metabolism and host-pathogen interactions Open Access

... that they enter a hibernating/quiescent state, although there is increasing evidence that a number of so-called latent pathogen stages exhibit appreciable metabolic activity. We will need to better define the growth rate, physiology and metabolism of latent microbial stages in order to understand pa ...
Microbial Pathogenesis-CCMD 793 I Nyles Charon
Microbial Pathogenesis-CCMD 793 I Nyles Charon

... Binding of Yersinia to host-cell receptors triggers phagocytic pathways that result in bacterial uptake. The rapid translocation of several effectors by Yersinia disarms these pathways, facilitating bacterial avoidance of phagocytosis. YopH dephosphorylates a number of tyrosine-phosphorylated signal ...
View PDF - OMICS International
View PDF - OMICS International

Construction of a new strain of mice that lack mast cells and set
Construction of a new strain of mice that lack mast cells and set

... chronic   diseases   affecting   approximately   300   million   people   globally   and   about   5%   of   the   adult   Swedish   population.   Normally   when   foreign   substances   such   as   pathogens   enter   the   body,   the   host ...
Activation of B Cells
Activation of B Cells

... ƒ TH1 produce IFN-γ, which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and Abs ƒ TH2 activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE ƒ TH17 stimulate the innate immune system ƒ TF stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells and ...
VACCINES
VACCINES

...  Herpes simplex virus envelop glycoprotein O.  Foot and mouth disease virus capsid protein (VP1)  Extracellular proteins produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
human immune system can respond naturally to fight cancer
human immune system can respond naturally to fight cancer

... Are NIMPAB cells the only type of cells that stimulate the destruction of tumour cells? No – in our immune system, no single type of cells or status of cells can work alone. It is always teamwork. However, NIMPAB cells play a very unique role. To put it in a metaphorical way, in healthy status, NIMP ...
Instructor`s Guide
Instructor`s Guide

... serum from the blood of someone who has had that disease, and who has already developed antibodies to fight it. It differs from active artificial immunity in that it usually only lasts for a few months. A tetanus shot is an example of this type of immunity. passive, barrier defenses: A type of innat ...
Open Access version via Utrecht University Repository
Open Access version via Utrecht University Repository

... The first indication that immunoproteasomes play a role in antigen presentation, was the finding that immunosubunits β1i and β5i are located within the human MHC class II region 14,15. Indeed, analysis of the generation of a hepatitis B virus epitope has revealed that its production requires the pre ...
Chapter 18
Chapter 18

... presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs – type A person has A antigens – type B person has B antigens – type AB has both antigens – type O has neither antigen • most common - type O • rarest - type AB ...
Humoral Immunity Profiling of Subjects with Myalgic
Humoral Immunity Profiling of Subjects with Myalgic

혈액세포의 관찰 (Observation of Blood cells)
혈액세포의 관찰 (Observation of Blood cells)

... activated. They do not release antibodies in the bloodstream, but they keep the antibodies on their membrane and use them to recognize cells mainly of its own organism infected by virus or tumoral cells. The cytotoxic lymphocytes kill cells by means of the release of perforins, substances which prod ...
Notes
Notes

Lesson Overview
Lesson Overview

... Although cytotoxic T cells are helpful in the immune system, they make the acceptance of organ transplants difficult. When an organ is transplanted from one person to another, the normal response of the recipient’s immune system would be to recognize it as nonself. T cells and proteins would damage ...
ORAL Io-1
ORAL Io-1

... rDNA regions ATP6, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1alpha), the largest and second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II gene (RPB1 and RPB2), two mating type specific genes encoding protein kinases (STE12 and STE20), a gene associated with laccase production (LAC) and mtLrRNA are also being studied ...
The Immune System in Occupational Disease
The Immune System in Occupational Disease

... F1000 Biology Reports, 2009, 1: 15 (doi: 10.3410/B1-15) ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

What is a virus?
What is a virus?

... The fitness of the mutant virus is restored in hosts that are genetically deficient for the target molecule or have been treated to abrogate the target molecule or effector cell (e.g. by antibody depeletion). Fitness is defined by transmission (surrogate: viral titers in organs) ...
MHC
MHC

... involves amino acid residues located in and around the peptide-binding groove. As a result, each allelic form has its own unique peptide-binding properties.  Affects the ability to make immune responses (e.g. resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases).  Ensures survival of the population ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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