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Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System

... Failure results in negative selection via – clonal deletion: destruction of offending T cells – anergy: inactive state, alive but unresponsive ...
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points – A Primer
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points – A Primer

... Hygiene Hypothesis – Proposed Mode of Action/Mechanism • Allergic diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to innocuous antigens driven by a TH2 type of immune response. • Many bacteria and viruses elicit a TH1 type of immune response which has the ability to down-regulate media ...
Innate Immune Defects - Immune Deficiency Foundation
Innate Immune Defects - Immune Deficiency Foundation

... molecules on bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract such as E. coli; TLR5 recognizes whip-like structures on bacteria called flagella; TLR7, 8 and 9 recognize certain viruses such as influenza and human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV-I). The function of TLR10 is not yet known. In recent years s ...
Why is Our Immune System Important?
Why is Our Immune System Important?

... is a back-up system: the specific defense mechanisms. • This reaction is also referred to as the inflammatory response. Its purpose is to comprise a specific defense measure against a pathogen. • The specific defense system is not made up of actual organ structures, but it is made up of billions of ...
Multiple Activities in Natural Antimicrobials
Multiple Activities in Natural Antimicrobials

Basis and Clinical Applications of Interferon
Basis and Clinical Applications of Interferon

Current Clinical Therapies for HIV Remission
Current Clinical Therapies for HIV Remission

... SIV-infected monkeys were treated with a 90-day course of ART initiated 5 weeks post infection 9 weeks post infection infused with primatized monoclonal antibody against the α4β7 integrin every 3 weeks until week ...
III. Immunology and Complement
III. Immunology and Complement

... Coats organisms to enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Through its ability to cross the placenta, maternal IgG provides the major line of defense against infection for the first few weeks of a baby's life. It is the predominant antibody produced in the secondary response. The serolo ...
Novel Vaccines and Virology
Novel Vaccines and Virology

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5a Innate Immunity

... Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement  What they are • About 20 blood proteins that circulate in an inactive form ...
Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptor

... First experiment on drosofila. In drosofila TLR4 is involved in the enbryonic ...
THE POWER OF PROTEIN - Vanshu Arora Fitness
THE POWER OF PROTEIN - Vanshu Arora Fitness

... THE POWER OF PROTEIN Every single tissue and part of the human body contains protein. ...
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... • Complement : Group of proteins containing of plasma proteins and membrane protein ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

...  Long terminal repeats (LTR) at either end of the provirus contain promoter and enhancer sequences that control transcription and expression of the viral genes.  Initially, the provirus is transcribed into a full-length RNA by the host cell RNA polymerase II, which is then exported into the cytopl ...
Immunity Against Fungal Infections
Immunity Against Fungal Infections

TIGIT-positive circulating follicular helper T cells
TIGIT-positive circulating follicular helper T cells

... express CCR6, but not CXCR3.13 Based on chemokine receptor expression, the authors show that TIGIT+ cTFH represent a subset phenotypically different from any of the three populations previously described.20 Interestingly, TIGIT+ cTFH can produce IL-4 and to some extent interferon-gamma. Accordingly, ...
The antigen binding site of antibodies
The antigen binding site of antibodies

... Discussion sections start next week. The journal article Akira et al, and the relevant problem set questions will be covered. Both are available on the website. Office Hours: Questions about the lecture material are best addressed during office hours (Tues 11-12). I will be holding extra office hour ...
Innate lymphoid cells: identification of their role in allergic asthma
Innate lymphoid cells: identification of their role in allergic asthma

Activation of the Alternative Pathway
Activation of the Alternative Pathway

... Covalent association ensures that C3 convertases remain localized to the pathogens that activate complement! Regulation: Dissociation of the subunits or proteolysis of receptor subunit by Factor I ...
Immuno Exam 2 LECTURE 11 1. Activation of T cells requires what? A
Immuno Exam 2 LECTURE 11 1. Activation of T cells requires what? A

... A: Binds peptides as HLA Class I. Also, engages NK cells and can either inhibit by interaction with NKG2A/NKG2B or stimulate by interaction with NKG2C. 19. What is the function of HLA-F? Where is it found? A: Binds a restrictive set of Ags. Localized to the ER and Golgi with limited surface expressi ...
401-Chronic-Neuro2
401-Chronic-Neuro2

... ALS: A Patient’s Perspective “Having ALS is like walking into a dark room, reaching for the light switch on the wall and it’s not there. You’re in the dark…you ask will life ever be better again? At that point, it dawns on you, the light to get you through these hard times has to come from within. ...
Prodution of Biopharmaceuticals : An Overview
Prodution of Biopharmaceuticals : An Overview

... The drawback in this is that virus requires a living medium to replicate and multiply. Rather than the traditional concept- “Sacrifice one life to save many”, Animal cell culture can be employed to mass produce the virus Passively, Animal cell culture can be employed to reduce the virulence of parti ...
acute leukaemias
acute leukaemias

... Acute myeloid leukaemia Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia Chronic myeloid leukaemia ...
The Basics of Cancer Biology
The Basics of Cancer Biology

... use adenoviruses to correct genetic defects caused serious toxicity due to immune destruction of infected cells by CD8 Tcells (e.g., cystic fibrosis, OTC deficiency). Also, they induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, and thus repeated systemic administration is a problem • In the case of ...
Chapter 5 Adaptive evolution at the molecular level
Chapter 5 Adaptive evolution at the molecular level

... average, a heterozygote is five times as likely to survive and reproduce as a SS homozygote. This heterozygote advantage would appear to result in a stable polymorphism. Of course the real world is more complicated than this. There is a third globin allele, the C allele, which appears to confer mala ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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