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Generation of memory B cells inside and outside germinal centers
Generation of memory B cells inside and outside germinal centers

The Battle between Leishmania and the Host Immune System at a
The Battle between Leishmania and the Host Immune System at a

... crystallizable (Fc) region receptor are involved in parasite phagocytosis1. Macrophages which internalize iC3b-opsonized parasites did not trigger respiratory burst, evidence low capacity to promote their destruction (Fig. 1), assuring parasite viability and disturbing the activation of acquired imm ...
Antibody-independent B cell effector functions in
Antibody-independent B cell effector functions in

... influencing other immune components, such as macrophages that are important for TH17 responsiveness to C. albicans. Separate evidence from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infected individuals gives further credence to the link between B cells and TH17 cells [66]. Studies of autoimmune disorders reve ...
staph_Lowy
staph_Lowy

... Epidemiology: Humans are the natural reservoir for staphylococci. Coagulase negative staphylococci are a part of the normal skin flora and are also found in the anterior nares. The anterior nares are colonized by S. aureus in 20-40% of the normal population. Carriage is increased in populations kno ...
Fermentation acids inhibit amino acid deamination by
Fermentation acids inhibit amino acid deamination by

... appeared that the ability of fermentation acids to inhibit the ammonia production of C. sporogenes was occurring via a mechanism that did not involve a decline in Dp. Many bacteria maintain a relatively constant intracellular pH over a wide range of extracellular pH (Padan et al., 1981), but ferment ...
B7x/B7-H4 modulates the adaptive immune response and
B7x/B7-H4 modulates the adaptive immune response and

... Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death in patients with lupus and other autoimmune diseases affecting the kidney, and is associated with deposition of antibodies as well as infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which are responsible for initiation and/or exacerbation of inflam ...
Proposal Summary - Clarkson University
Proposal Summary - Clarkson University

... In this stage, solid phase peptide synthesis will be used to synthetically make the peptide of interest. Solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is a cyclic process in which reactions take place in a small container with activating reagents. This can be used since the 9-fluoroenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) ...
Acute lung injury: how the lung inflammatory response works P.A. Ward
Acute lung injury: how the lung inflammatory response works P.A. Ward

... (O2, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) and nitrogen (nitrosyl, peroxynitrite, etc.) products, together with proteases released from these phagocytic cells. Under certain conditions C5a can interact with cells containing upregulated C5aR, with resulting caspase activation and apoptosis. This appears to be the ...
Introduction to the Immune System
Introduction to the Immune System

... (B,D,P) bind to repetitive structures on microbial surfaces, such as components of the cell wall. The complex of B, D and P forms the C3 convertase of the Alternative Pathway. Recognition is selective for microbes, but not highly specific (pattern recognition). ...
Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus
Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus

... proteins in the life cycle of the virus once it gains entry into the cells have also been studied. Thus it is clear the viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) is responsible for both receptor binding and fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane [18,19]. The Ebolavirus ENV is heavily glycos ...
absent sequences: nullomers and primes
absent sequences: nullomers and primes

... shown that the human genome contains areas with GC-rich isochors displaying long-range correlations and scale invariance. Other studies have shown long range correlations between sequence motifs and regularly spaced structural features of the genome such as nucleosome binding sites2,21. All of these ...
Extracellular Products of Streptococcus pyogenes and Their
Extracellular Products of Streptococcus pyogenes and Their

... Our body consists of many different proteins with unique functions. SpeB was demonstrated to affect human proteins by activating or inactivating them. SpeB activates a 66-kDa host matrix metalloproteinase and this is proposed to contribute to the extensive soft tissue destruction observed in many pa ...
Document
Document

... VIII. Antigenic Structures & VF of SA [S9] a. In addition to things about binding the fibronectin on the host cell, teiochic acid is part of the staphylococcal cell wall that helps produce the pyogenic effect—hallmark feature of staphylococcal infections are puss-forming abscesses; pyoderma or pyoge ...
Description for the general public The inflammatory response to
Description for the general public The inflammatory response to

... Description for the general public The inflammatory response to pathogens which attack the human and animal organisms is necessary to overcome the infection. One of the most important cell types responsible for this process are macrophages expressing receptors that recognize molecules of microbial o ...
Time course of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice
Time course of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice

... strongly associated with infiltration of the small airway walls by inflammatory cells and the accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the lumen [6]. A major risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking. However, the molecular and cellular basis of the cigarette smoke (CS)-induced inflammation i ...
Sphingolipids and the Balancing of Immune Cell Function: Lessons
Sphingolipids and the Balancing of Immune Cell Function: Lessons

... of these lipid metabolites can directly bind proteins, activate signaling pathways, and affect cellular responses; moreover, in combination, the sphingolipid mediators can finely tune cellular function. Cer binds to a number of signaling proteins such as isozymes of protein kinase C (PKC) (␣, ␦, and ...
cystic fibrosis lecture
cystic fibrosis lecture

... oxidant/antioxidants backed by cellular immune mechanisms) Defensins: small peptide molecules (12-50 amino acids, contain positively charged and hydrophobic residues) that kill microbes in a salt-sensitive manner (mechanism unclear; might involve membrane disruption or neutralization of cytosolic fa ...
Stem cell biology is population biology: differentiation of
Stem cell biology is population biology: differentiation of

... the organism. Furthermore, HSCs are required to produce the required differentiated cells without depleting the stem cell pool or creating damaged stem cells that lead to cancer. Even in the absence of oxidative damage due to ischemia/reperfusion, blood loss, or infections damage to blood cells and t ...
Cytokine function of heat shock proteins - AJP
Cytokine function of heat shock proteins - AJP

... iological significance of the HSP release are not clear. However, HSPs are present in circulation of normal individuals (57, 87), and their circulating levels are decreased in aging (62) and increased in a number of pathological conditions such as hypertension (58), atherosclerosis (87, 89), and aft ...
PowerPoint Slides
PowerPoint Slides

... First 2yrs highest chance of developing TB disease ...
An ELISA for antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus based on
An ELISA for antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus based on

... 2003). ELISA assays based on recombinant protein would also be useful in such studies because they could differentiate antibodies against DNA or subunit vaccines from those caused by whole virion infection. Currently, nephropathogenic variant strains of IBV are thought to be of great importance in C ...
Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune
Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune

... additional mechanisms for other subsets of T cells to contribute to asthma, perhaps in part by skewing the system toward an increased Th2 response (3–5). The focus on T cell contributions is derived at least in part from studies of allergen challenge in mouse models of asthma and in humans (6, 7). I ...
Symbiosis
Symbiosis

... album rhizosphere, indicating that the legume host was more efficiently colonized than the non-legume (Schwieger and Tebbe, 2000). Moreover, even in uninoculated fields, other rhizobial species in addition to luciferase-marked S. meliloti were detected in the alfalfa rhizosphere using culture-indepe ...
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in Fischer 344 rats is attenuated
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in Fischer 344 rats is attenuated

... and animal models against a number of human pathogens including influenza [4,5], hepatitis A and C [6,7], West Nile virus [8] and HIV [9,10]. The field of antiviral siRNA has recently been reviewed by Manjunath et al. ...
Cytokines
Cytokines

... produced by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity in response to microbes and other antigens as a result of cellular activation.  Cytokines initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors on target cells. The cellular responses to most cytokines consist of gene activation, res ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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