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In immunology, an adjuvant is an agent that may stimulate the
In immunology, an adjuvant is an agent that may stimulate the

The amphioxus immune system
The amphioxus immune system

Danger Theory: The Link between AIS and IDS?
Danger Theory: The Link between AIS and IDS?

Cytochrome P450s in human immune cells regulate IL-22
Cytochrome P450s in human immune cells regulate IL-22

Control of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency in Human
Control of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency in Human

... of the TG, the infiltrate being mainly composed of CD8+ T cells. These T cells are believed to control viral latency, but cellular and viral factors like viral microRNAs are also considered to play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of viral latency. In the present work, it was inve ...
Nowrin
Nowrin

... Human neonates are markedly more susceptible to infection than are older children or adults. This increased susceptibility is generally believed to be due to immaturity of the immune system to combat pathogens in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Therefore, it is important to understand the p ...
A daunting task: manipulating leukocyte function with RNAi
A daunting task: manipulating leukocyte function with RNAi

Ectopic germinal center formation in Sjögren`s syndrome - BORA
Ectopic germinal center formation in Sjögren`s syndrome - BORA

Allergic Reactions - Northeast School of Botanical Medicine
Allergic Reactions - Northeast School of Botanical Medicine

... year. Some of the allergens include; pollens, molds, animal dander, and dust mites. AR affects an estimated 20-40 million people in the United States. 2) Food allergy- While there are some commonly identified ones (i.e.; wheat, dairy, peanuts, etc), individuals may react to a wide variety of ingest ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... encoded by EBV expressed in CFS despite the absence of replicative virus  These peptides are known to modulate immune function, inducing pro-inflammatory and Type 2 cytokines  Lerner’s group found evidence of a subgroup of CFS patients with incomplete viral expression and cardiac motility abnormal ...
Innate and adaptive immune responses subsequent to
Innate and adaptive immune responses subsequent to

... The TLR family consists of 12 receptors in mice and 10 in humans which are expressed on innate immune cells; TLR and are activated through endogenous ligands (DAMPs) released from necrotic tissue (ATP, heat-shock proteins, high mobility group box – 1 (HMGB-1) or extracellular matrix (Àbrinogen, hyal ...
Rituximab treatment results in impaired secondary humoral immune
Rituximab treatment results in impaired secondary humoral immune

short Novo Protein Synthesis of c-FLIP De CD95
short Novo Protein Synthesis of c-FLIP De CD95

... treatment reduced c-FLIPlong expression of day 1 T cells to levels detected in day 6 T cells (Fig. 3A). In contrast, c-FLIPshort was only expressed in day 1 T cells, not in day 0 or day 6 T cells, and expression was substantially reduced by CHX (Fig. 3A). Thus, the expression of c-FLIPshort correlat ...
Cellular and humoral immune responses to poliovirus in mice: a role
Cellular and humoral immune responses to poliovirus in mice: a role

Cellular and humoral immune responses to poliovirus in mice: a role
Cellular and humoral immune responses to poliovirus in mice: a role

Lymphatics and Immunity
Lymphatics and Immunity

... surround an inner medulla, which consists primarily of activated antibodysecreting plasma cells. Cells enter the lymph node through two primary routes. Lymph and its associated cells enter through the afferent lymphatic vessels, which drain into each node through its convex surface. These vessels ma ...
T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance
T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance

... rejection or acceptance has previously been demonstrated in a study [43] showing that simultaneous transplantation of two kidneys and two hearts resulted in long-term graft acceptance, whereas single allogeneic heart and kidney graft were rejected acutely. Another study [35 ] extended these observat ...
Macrophages induce an allergen-specific and long-term suppression in a mouse asthma model
Macrophages induce an allergen-specific and long-term suppression in a mouse asthma model

... llergic asthma is characterised by reversible airway obstruction, increased levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, chronic airway inflammation and persistent airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Allergic asthma is driven and maintained by the persistence of a subset of chronically activated memo ...
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Variation of Lipooligosaccharide Directs Dendritic Cell–Induced T Helper Responses
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Variation of Lipooligosaccharide Directs Dendritic Cell–Induced T Helper Responses

... If the C-type lectins MGL and DC-SIGN are physiological important receptors that play an active role in the pathogenesis of GC, these proteins should be expressed at the site of GC entry, the female cervix and the male penile urethral tissue. DC-SIGNpos cells have been shown to be present in cervix ...
Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Lack Essential Costimulatory
Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Lack Essential Costimulatory

IHIM, STELLA AMARACHI - It works
IHIM, STELLA AMARACHI - It works

... The emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the concern about bioterrorism have also increased the emphasis on the role of the immune system in defending individuals against infections. The two mechanisms of the immune system can be modified by substances to either enhance or supp ...
LESSON 6 Your Immune System
LESSON 6 Your Immune System

... birth, antibodies pass from her body to her developing fetus. However, these immunities last only a few months. The baby’s immune system becomes active and produces antibodies on its own to fight pathogens. A vaccine causes the immune system to produce antibodies for certain diseases. This process i ...
Granuloma cells in chronic inflammation express CD205 (DEC205
Granuloma cells in chronic inflammation express CD205 (DEC205

... [Treg], and CD8+ T cells), B cells and dendritic cells (DCs).2–5 In these immune granulomas, T cell-mediated immune responses have been shown to occur. Interestingly, granuloma cells may be derived from macrophages1 and classically activated macrophages3 or M1 macrophages6 can promote T cell respons ...
depigmenting dermatoses
depigmenting dermatoses

...  Pemphigus erythematosus (autoimmune disease involving the skin of the face and ears, characterized by reddening of the skin [erythema] and lesions containing pus)  Uveodermatologic syndrome (a rare syndrome in which the animal has inflammation in the front part of the eye, including the iris [ant ...
A Novel Size-Based Sorting Mechanism of Pinocytic Luminal
A Novel Size-Based Sorting Mechanism of Pinocytic Luminal

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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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