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Trajan`s Markets
Trajan`s Markets

... in part by gaining the people’s confidence through donations in the form of money (congiaria) to his soldiers and grain (frumentations) to the population. This “generosity” came to be expected and continued throughout the imperial reigns (Napthali p. 150). The more visibility an emperor had in this ...
Pfingsten-10-Caesar and Pompey
Pfingsten-10-Caesar and Pompey

The Chronology of the Roman Emperors - Q
The Chronology of the Roman Emperors - Q

A Contorniate of Nero
A Contorniate of Nero

... In the British Museum there is a type of Roman medal called a ‘contorniate’, believed to date from the reign of Constantine the Great (AD 272 – AD 337), which obverse bears the head of Nero (and the usual legend) and reverse seems to feature the form of a wind organ with nine pipes with a bellows or ...
the geography of rebellion: strategy and supply in the two `sicilian
the geography of rebellion: strategy and supply in the two `sicilian

... In the same regard, Bradley, drew on comparisons with modern slavery, and in particular the phenomenon of marronage, to explain the rebel actions.6 And just as the two rebel forces and their actions have in essence been understood as alike, so have the Roman responses to the conflict: Shaw, for exam ...
FAMOUS MEN OF ROME - Yesterday`s Classics
FAMOUS MEN OF ROME - Yesterday`s Classics

... comparisons. Moreover, it denied to him a knowledge of his inheritance from the Greek philosopher, the Roman lawgiver, the Teutonic lover of freedom. Hence the recommendation so strongly urged in the report of the Committee of Ten—and emphasized, also, in the report of the Committee of Fifteen—that ...
Caesar, Julius | Article | World Book Student
Caesar, Julius | Article | World Book Student

Caesar
Caesar

Caesar defeats the Helvetii, the Germans and the Nervii
Caesar defeats the Helvetii, the Germans and the Nervii

Nero`s House of Gold in Rome
Nero`s House of Gold in Rome

Mary Beard reviews `Caligula` by Aloys Winterling, translated by
Mary Beard reviews `Caligula` by Aloys Winterling, translated by

... dissatisfied, the emperor’s parting shot adopted a tone more of pity than anger: ‘These men,’ he said as they went, ‘do not appear to me to be wicked so much as unfortunate and foolish in not believing that I have been endowed with the nature of god.’ It would be hard to miss, in Philo’s indignant t ...
Julius Caesar: Statesman and Soldier
Julius Caesar: Statesman and Soldier

How effectively did Emperor Augustus use patronage to promote
How effectively did Emperor Augustus use patronage to promote

... power came merely from his adoption by Julius Caesar and his military success which meant that – as Pat Southern states - “he controlled all the armies and had direct access to the wealth of Egypt.”[2] As I will be arguing throughout this essay, Augustus was able to achieve and maintain power throug ...
fc.29 roman dominance of the mediterranean
fc.29 roman dominance of the mediterranean

... The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves. ...
the mos maiorum - RomanEmpire.net
the mos maiorum - RomanEmpire.net

... least once a month. There are lots of old Romans who, because of the many responsibilities that tend to weigh us down increasingly with age, are unable to attend more than a few times a year. This is all right. They've put in their time, and Rome has benefited greatly over the years because of their ...
Diocletian - Scarsdale Schools
Diocletian - Scarsdale Schools

Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome

... provinces.  However, it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the First Punic War. ...
Second Triumvirate - Mrs. Eskeets` Ancient Civilizations
Second Triumvirate - Mrs. Eskeets` Ancient Civilizations

Biography - Tapestry of Grace
Biography - Tapestry of Grace

View/Open - MARS - George Mason University
View/Open - MARS - George Mason University

... among others.12 The ancient commentary surrounding these three Horti varies in tone, but several authors, including Plutarch, Tacitus, and Juvenal, describe the gardens in the context of luxury and greed. The Romans were not the first to cultivate parks and garden estates. Meiggs references the infl ...
Rome and Early Christianity Section 1
Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

AUGUSTUS, LEGISLATIVE POWER, AND THE POWER OF
AUGUSTUS, LEGISLATIVE POWER, AND THE POWER OF

... except from blood relatives, or bequeathing anything except to blood relatives. It also introduced the ius trium liberorum, which gave heads of family priority in obtaining magistracies, as well as tax incentives. The second criminalised extramarital affairs by removing them from the jurisdiction of ...
Anna Tatarkiewicz
Anna Tatarkiewicz

... authority] and maiestas [dignity], could not neglect the realm of religion.2 We should bear in mind that in the Roman world, religion was an integral and indispensable component of social and political life. In other words, political changes were also reflected and expressed in religious aspects of ...
Who Is Julius Caesar??
Who Is Julius Caesar??

FROM POPLICOLA TO AUGUSTUS: SENATORIAL HOUSES IN
FROM POPLICOLA TO AUGUSTUS: SENATORIAL HOUSES IN

... there. The thought of Poplicola descending from his domus in a procession-like manner, accompanied by his many clients, fuelled all sorts of allegations. Rumours spread. Some even feared the return of monarchy. But Poplicola acted swiftly. Without further ado, he quickly assembled a force of workmen ...
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Promagistrate

A promagistrate (Latin: pro magistratu) is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. A legal innovation of the Roman Republic, the promagistracy was invented in order to provide Rome with governors of overseas territories instead of having to elect more magistrates each year. Promagistrates were appointed by senatus consultum; like all acts of the Roman Senate, these appointments were not entirely legal and could be overruled by the Roman assemblies, e.g., the replacement of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus by Gaius Marius during the Jugurthine War.Promagistrates were usually either proquaestors (acting in place of quaestors), propraetors, acting in place of praetors, or proconsuls acting in place of consuls. A promagistrate held equal authority to the equivalent magistrate, was attended by the same number of lictors, and generally speaking had autocratic power within his province, be it territorial or otherwise. Promagistrates usually had already held the office in whose stead they were acting, although this was not mandatory.One should also mention here the procurator, a posting originally as a financial manager in a province, a position which held no magisterial power until Claudius gave them his power in the mid 40s AD, enabling them to administer provinces.The institution of promagistracies developed because the Romans found it inconvenient to continue adding ordinary magistracies to administer their newly acquired overseas possessions. Therefore, they adopted the practice of appointing an individual to act in place or capacity of (pro) a magistrate (magistratu); a promagistrate was literally a lieutenant. Subsequently, when Pompeius Magnus was given proconsular imperium to fight against Quintus Sertorius, the Senate made a point of distinguishing that he was not actually being appointed a promagistrate: he was appointed to act not in place of a consul (pro consule), but on behalf of the consuls (pro consulibus).The Roman legal concept of imperium meant that an ""imperial"" magistrate or promagistrate had absolute authority within the competence of his office; a promagistrate with imperium appointed to govern a province, therefore, had absolute authority within his capacity as governor of that province; indeed, the word provincia referred both to the governor's office or jurisdiction and to the territory he governed. A provincial governor had almost totally unlimited authority, and frequently extorted vast amounts of money from the provincial population — he had total immunity from prosecution during his term in office. It became fairly common for provincial governors to seek continual election to office to avoid trial for extortion and bribery, two famous examples being Gaius Verres and Lucius Sergius Catilina.The near limitless power of a high-ranking promagistrate has led to the term ""proconsul"" being used to designate any high-ranking and authoritative official appointed from above (or from without) to govern a territory without regard for local political institutions (i.e., one who is not elected and whose authority supersedes that of local officials). One of the most prominent examples of this is Douglas MacArthur, who was given vast powers to implement reform and recovery efforts in Japan after World War II, and has been described occasionally as ""the American proconsul of Japan"".
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