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The Letters of Cicero
The Letters of Cicero

... ■ In the year 89 BCE, he began military service under Pompeius Strabo who was the father of statesman and general Pompey. ■ In 81, Cicero began his career as a lawyer, defending Publis Quinctius. ■ In 80 and 81, Cicero defended Sextus Roscius from fabricated charges of parricide. It was this defense ...
Julius Caesar - Cape Tech Library
Julius Caesar - Cape Tech Library

... 77 b.c., he prosecuted a leading Sullan associate, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella (consul in 81 b.c.), for extortion; although Dolabella was acquitted, Caesar had enhanced his own reputation as an orator. In an effort to further improve his oratorical skills, he traveled to Rhodes to attend the lectures ...
Master`s thesis - MD-SOAR
Master`s thesis - MD-SOAR

The Glory of Rome Campaign
The Glory of Rome Campaign

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... Caesar's reforms greatly enhanced his standing with Rome's lower- and middle-class populations. But his popularity with the Senate was another matter. Envy and concern over Caesar's increasing power led to angst among a number of politicians who saw in him an aspiring king. History had shown that Ro ...
Caesar Cold Case Rome Documents A
Caesar Cold Case Rome Documents A

Julius Caesar Introduction
Julius Caesar Introduction

... • Whatever your position, there’s no doubt that Shakespeare wants to show us the private side of a public man, and to remind us that our heroes are, like the rest of us, only human. • In public, Caesar is worshipped like a god; in private, he is superstitious, deaf, and subject to fits of epilepsy. ...
Bianco Alex Bianco Sarah Bergen / Elizabeth Downer / Rebecca
Bianco Alex Bianco Sarah Bergen / Elizabeth Downer / Rebecca

... basically regained control of his army. Now that all his popularity had gotten him a formal position in the Roman government, he could start expanding his grasp on the Roman Empire. Before he received his position in the senate he had marched on Rome and tried to take power then, but his men didn`t ...
File - xaviantvision
File - xaviantvision

File
File

... poverty, from which they could not easily escape. The Unequal Division of the Public Land.—Another cause which kept the plebeians in a state of poverty was the unjust sharing of the public land which had been acquired/gained in war. This land belonged to all the people, and might have been used to r ...
Joined with Power, Greed Without Moderation or
Joined with Power, Greed Without Moderation or

... required to reach the highest office was that of the annually-elected praetors (six before Sulla and eight after), with significant judicial, legal, and even military command responsibilities, in some ways a minor, subordinate version of the consuls; one had to be thirty-nine to hold this office. Fi ...
Second Triumvirate Power Point
Second Triumvirate Power Point

Postumius` speech of Livy and Bacchanalian Affair
Postumius` speech of Livy and Bacchanalian Affair

... a  client and a  prostitute. The term scortum leaves no doubts in the matter; however, in the text of the Roman historian it is accompanied by a  surprising epithet: nobile. Hispala is in the light of Livy’s story a prostitute deserving more respect than her profession would normally generate. This ...
The Flavian Invasions
The Flavian Invasions

... It is possible that Emperor Titus held Agricola back from advancing further north but this seems unlikely since the idea of halting and renunciating further conquest goes against Roman traditions and equations of success. It is possible that Agricola didn’t extend further as he knew, as did the Empe ...
Early Rome - WorldHistoryatYHS
Early Rome - WorldHistoryatYHS

... • Made a subsidized grain law that allowed citizens to buy grain 1/2 price from the state. • Proposed widening citizenship to Latins, and Italian allies. • In the end Gaius led an armed rebellion and was killed with 3,000 followers. ...
Gracchus Brothers: Fight Against the Senate for Reform
Gracchus Brothers: Fight Against the Senate for Reform

... Gaius realized what had happened was too late. The poor had found a new champion for a short time, and the Senate had found a way to pass laws that Tiberius proposed to attract Tiberius’ supporters. Soon after Tiberius death, the laws passed in order to strike at Tiberius would later be repealed (E ...
as PDF - Unit Guide
as PDF - Unit Guide

... find relevant ancient sources, and scholarly books and articles, for themselves, since a valuable research skill is developed by doing this. DO NOT use internet sources of low quality (for example, most of those without a named author would count as being of low quality). The minor essay will be mar ...
Second Triumvirate
Second Triumvirate

CH6 - Curriculum
CH6 - Curriculum

... between the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on the island of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for help and another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, which separates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic importance, and both ...
Electoral abuse in the late Roman Republic
Electoral abuse in the late Roman Republic

History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD
History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD

... southeasterly hugging the coast through its whole extent. This conformation of the country causes the rivers of any size below the basin of the Po to flow into the Tyrrhenian (Tuscan) Sea, rather than into the Adriatic. Northern Italy, between the Alps and the Apennines, is drained by the Padus (Po) ...
Thomas Lodge and Elizabethan Republicanism
Thomas Lodge and Elizabethan Republicanism

... Woe to that Aetna, vomiting this fire; Woe to that brand, consuming country’s weal; Woe to that Scilla, careless and secure, That gapes with murder for a monarchy. Go, second Brutus with a Roman mind, And kill the tyrant, and for Marius’s sake Pity the guiltless wives of these your friends, Preserve ...
1. The Founding of Rome, 753 BC
1. The Founding of Rome, 753 BC

The Patricians Create a Republic
The Patricians Create a Republic

Julius Caesar - Insight Publications
Julius Caesar - Insight Publications

... and non-citizens (slaves and former slaves). Two magistrates (consuls), elected annually from the patrician class (the upper class) replaced the king. At times of national crisis, their powers could be temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator. The patricians also elected senators and ...
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Promagistrate

A promagistrate (Latin: pro magistratu) is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. A legal innovation of the Roman Republic, the promagistracy was invented in order to provide Rome with governors of overseas territories instead of having to elect more magistrates each year. Promagistrates were appointed by senatus consultum; like all acts of the Roman Senate, these appointments were not entirely legal and could be overruled by the Roman assemblies, e.g., the replacement of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus by Gaius Marius during the Jugurthine War.Promagistrates were usually either proquaestors (acting in place of quaestors), propraetors, acting in place of praetors, or proconsuls acting in place of consuls. A promagistrate held equal authority to the equivalent magistrate, was attended by the same number of lictors, and generally speaking had autocratic power within his province, be it territorial or otherwise. Promagistrates usually had already held the office in whose stead they were acting, although this was not mandatory.One should also mention here the procurator, a posting originally as a financial manager in a province, a position which held no magisterial power until Claudius gave them his power in the mid 40s AD, enabling them to administer provinces.The institution of promagistracies developed because the Romans found it inconvenient to continue adding ordinary magistracies to administer their newly acquired overseas possessions. Therefore, they adopted the practice of appointing an individual to act in place or capacity of (pro) a magistrate (magistratu); a promagistrate was literally a lieutenant. Subsequently, when Pompeius Magnus was given proconsular imperium to fight against Quintus Sertorius, the Senate made a point of distinguishing that he was not actually being appointed a promagistrate: he was appointed to act not in place of a consul (pro consule), but on behalf of the consuls (pro consulibus).The Roman legal concept of imperium meant that an ""imperial"" magistrate or promagistrate had absolute authority within the competence of his office; a promagistrate with imperium appointed to govern a province, therefore, had absolute authority within his capacity as governor of that province; indeed, the word provincia referred both to the governor's office or jurisdiction and to the territory he governed. A provincial governor had almost totally unlimited authority, and frequently extorted vast amounts of money from the provincial population — he had total immunity from prosecution during his term in office. It became fairly common for provincial governors to seek continual election to office to avoid trial for extortion and bribery, two famous examples being Gaius Verres and Lucius Sergius Catilina.The near limitless power of a high-ranking promagistrate has led to the term ""proconsul"" being used to designate any high-ranking and authoritative official appointed from above (or from without) to govern a territory without regard for local political institutions (i.e., one who is not elected and whose authority supersedes that of local officials). One of the most prominent examples of this is Douglas MacArthur, who was given vast powers to implement reform and recovery efforts in Japan after World War II, and has been described occasionally as ""the American proconsul of Japan"".
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