The Mobile Genetic Element Alu in the Human Genome
... genome mapping and biomedical research. Only a small fraction of the human genome consists of functional, or protein-encoding, genes. If all the nucleotide information were translated, 10 9 amino acids, or approximately 3 million average-size proteins, would be encoded. Based on the fully sequenced ...
... genome mapping and biomedical research. Only a small fraction of the human genome consists of functional, or protein-encoding, genes. If all the nucleotide information were translated, 10 9 amino acids, or approximately 3 million average-size proteins, would be encoded. Based on the fully sequenced ...
Positive and Negative Selection on Noncoding
... noncoding DNA. Here, we study regions upstream and downstream of protein-coding genes in the house mouse Mus musculus castaneus, a species that has a much larger effective population size (Ne) than humans. We analyze polymorphism data for 78 genes from 15 wild-caught M. m. castaneus individuals and ...
... noncoding DNA. Here, we study regions upstream and downstream of protein-coding genes in the house mouse Mus musculus castaneus, a species that has a much larger effective population size (Ne) than humans. We analyze polymorphism data for 78 genes from 15 wild-caught M. m. castaneus individuals and ...
patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome
... humans were fairly simple, monogenic, highly penetrant disorders that obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Most were identified by linkage analyses, in which data are collected from affected families, and regions of the genome are identified that co-segregate with the disease in many independent ...
... humans were fairly simple, monogenic, highly penetrant disorders that obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Most were identified by linkage analyses, in which data are collected from affected families, and regions of the genome are identified that co-segregate with the disease in many independent ...
evolution and mechanism of translation in chloroplasts
... Chloroplasts are plant organelles that contain the entire machinery for the process of photosynthesis. In addition, chloroplasts possess their own genome, multiple copies of circular double-stranded DNA molecules, typically 150 kb in size, with over 100 different genes. According to the endosymbioti ...
... Chloroplasts are plant organelles that contain the entire machinery for the process of photosynthesis. In addition, chloroplasts possess their own genome, multiple copies of circular double-stranded DNA molecules, typically 150 kb in size, with over 100 different genes. According to the endosymbioti ...
Genetics of human male infertility
... men and are believed to arise from recombination events between long stretches of highly repetitive DNA sequences during meiosis or early pre-implantation development.(5) Accordingly, Y chromosome microdeletions contribute only marginally to the totality of human male infertility, but when present, ...
... men and are believed to arise from recombination events between long stretches of highly repetitive DNA sequences during meiosis or early pre-implantation development.(5) Accordingly, Y chromosome microdeletions contribute only marginally to the totality of human male infertility, but when present, ...
Genome position and gene amplification | SpringerLink
... site. We note that because DHFR is the target of methotrexate, exposure to the drug should inhibit synthesis of thymidylate and reduce levels of thymidine-based nucleotides. Such a reduction in nucleotide levels could cause DNA damage; however, the concentrations used here are not expected to do so ...
... site. We note that because DHFR is the target of methotrexate, exposure to the drug should inhibit synthesis of thymidylate and reduce levels of thymidine-based nucleotides. Such a reduction in nucleotide levels could cause DNA damage; however, the concentrations used here are not expected to do so ...
Competition between Transposable Elements
... tations have beneficial effects. However, the fact that they occasionally play important roles in adaptive evolution (Cooper et al. 2001; Schneider and Lenski 2004; Chou et al. 2009) does not imply that they have been directly selected to enhance the rate of evolutionary adaptation (Lynch 2007). Spe ...
... tations have beneficial effects. However, the fact that they occasionally play important roles in adaptive evolution (Cooper et al. 2001; Schneider and Lenski 2004; Chou et al. 2009) does not imply that they have been directly selected to enhance the rate of evolutionary adaptation (Lynch 2007). Spe ...
fig. 1 - Utrecht University Repository
... both the mobility parameter (m), and bit flip mutations on the bit-string marker. There is also a fixed per-gene probability of loss (l). De novo gene discovery and gene duplication do not happen as a result of replicating the genome for reproduction. However, gene duplications and gene discovery ca ...
... both the mobility parameter (m), and bit flip mutations on the bit-string marker. There is also a fixed per-gene probability of loss (l). De novo gene discovery and gene duplication do not happen as a result of replicating the genome for reproduction. However, gene duplications and gene discovery ca ...
Ge´nie: literature-based gene prioritization at multi genomic scale
... number of publications with associated genes makes it difficult to find the required information without computational assistance. This prompted the development of computational methods to assist researchers in evaluating gene function based on analysis of the literature (5,6). However, to date, there ...
... number of publications with associated genes makes it difficult to find the required information without computational assistance. This prompted the development of computational methods to assist researchers in evaluating gene function based on analysis of the literature (5,6). However, to date, there ...
Meiotic DSBs and the control of mammalian recombination
... but curiously are thought not to be present in C. elegans or Drosophila species, although definitive, high-resolution molecular studies have yet to be carried out in these latter exceptions. The recent advent of SNP genotyping in mammals made it possible to construct genetic maps of entire chromosom ...
... but curiously are thought not to be present in C. elegans or Drosophila species, although definitive, high-resolution molecular studies have yet to be carried out in these latter exceptions. The recent advent of SNP genotyping in mammals made it possible to construct genetic maps of entire chromosom ...
1 Title: Evidence for large domains of similarly expressed genes in
... structure by modifying histones (typically through methylation, acetylation, and substitution of histone subunits) to permit or restrict access to DNA. Modifications of chromosome structure also occur at much larger scales. Most Eukaryotes exhibit distinct chromosomal regions that are usually either ...
... structure by modifying histones (typically through methylation, acetylation, and substitution of histone subunits) to permit or restrict access to DNA. Modifications of chromosome structure also occur at much larger scales. Most Eukaryotes exhibit distinct chromosomal regions that are usually either ...
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... genes (as is clear from the normal phenotype of heterozygotes for null mutations and even deletions). I suggest that loss of active genes from the Y may proceed for some time until one is reached that has an immediate deleterious dosage effect, when there is rapid selection for incorporation of the ...
... genes (as is clear from the normal phenotype of heterozygotes for null mutations and even deletions). I suggest that loss of active genes from the Y may proceed for some time until one is reached that has an immediate deleterious dosage effect, when there is rapid selection for incorporation of the ...
14–1
... (23,Y). This ensures that just about half the zygotes will be males and half will be females. More than 1200 genes are found on the X chromosome, some of which are shown in Figure 14–3. Note that the human Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains only about 140 genes, most of ...
... (23,Y). This ensures that just about half the zygotes will be males and half will be females. More than 1200 genes are found on the X chromosome, some of which are shown in Figure 14–3. Note that the human Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains only about 140 genes, most of ...
Understanding the Genetics of HHT
... What is the chance a dominant genetic disorder, like HHT, will get passed on to children? Since individuals with HHT actually have two copies of the “HHT gene”—one normal and one abnormal— each of their children has a 50% (1/2) chance of having HHT. This is because each egg and sperm has only one c ...
... What is the chance a dominant genetic disorder, like HHT, will get passed on to children? Since individuals with HHT actually have two copies of the “HHT gene”—one normal and one abnormal— each of their children has a 50% (1/2) chance of having HHT. This is because each egg and sperm has only one c ...
Human Heredity - Cloudfront.net
... They must establish that the trait is inherited and not the result of environmental influences. They have to study how the trait is passed from one generation to the next. Slide 9 of 43 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... They must establish that the trait is inherited and not the result of environmental influences. They have to study how the trait is passed from one generation to the next. Slide 9 of 43 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Duplication of an approximately 1.5 Mb DNA segment
... mitotic recombination at the molecular level is restricted to an approximate 150 kb DNA fragment between the APC and MCC genes at chromosome 5q22. We have shown in this study that the same recombination site is involved in the duplication of the smallest overlapping region of approximately 1.5 Mb DN ...
... mitotic recombination at the molecular level is restricted to an approximate 150 kb DNA fragment between the APC and MCC genes at chromosome 5q22. We have shown in this study that the same recombination site is involved in the duplication of the smallest overlapping region of approximately 1.5 Mb DN ...
Biology
... Genes and the Environment Some obvious human traits are almost impossible to associate with single genes. Traits, such as the shape of your eyes or ears, are polygenic, meaning they are controlled by many genes. Many of your personal traits are only partly governed by genetics. Slide 12 of 43 Copyri ...
... Genes and the Environment Some obvious human traits are almost impossible to associate with single genes. Traits, such as the shape of your eyes or ears, are polygenic, meaning they are controlled by many genes. Many of your personal traits are only partly governed by genetics. Slide 12 of 43 Copyri ...
An accessible database for mouse and human whole transcriptome
... is an important tool in quantitative studies of DNA and RNA molecules; especially in transcriptome studies, where different primer combinations allow identification of specific transcripts such as splice variants or precursor messenger RNA. Several softwares that implement various rules for optimal ...
... is an important tool in quantitative studies of DNA and RNA molecules; especially in transcriptome studies, where different primer combinations allow identification of specific transcripts such as splice variants or precursor messenger RNA. Several softwares that implement various rules for optimal ...
A single splice site mutation in human
... Fig. 1. ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11B genomic, pre-mRNA, mRNA, and protein structures. (A) Gene structure and genomic context of human ARHGAP11A (top) and ARHGAP11B (bottom). Gray areas indicate the duplicated genomic region (40.642 Mb), which comprises the GOLGA8 and ARHGAP11 genes. Tick marks and number ...
... Fig. 1. ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11B genomic, pre-mRNA, mRNA, and protein structures. (A) Gene structure and genomic context of human ARHGAP11A (top) and ARHGAP11B (bottom). Gray areas indicate the duplicated genomic region (40.642 Mb), which comprises the GOLGA8 and ARHGAP11 genes. Tick marks and number ...
Gene regulation in three dimensions
... Gene regulation has traditionally mainly been viewed as a 1D and possibly 2D process. In the 1D view the genome is seen as a linear string of nucleotides, where one or more transcription factors (TFs) bind to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), and thereby regulate the expression of genes th ...
... Gene regulation has traditionally mainly been viewed as a 1D and possibly 2D process. In the 1D view the genome is seen as a linear string of nucleotides, where one or more transcription factors (TFs) bind to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), and thereby regulate the expression of genes th ...
Pierce Genetics: A Conceptual Approach 3e
... • Failure of whole sets of chromosomes to separate ...
... • Failure of whole sets of chromosomes to separate ...
2.5.1 Variation of Species 2.5.2 Heredity and Gene
... Q. What term is used to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height? Ability to roller skate Adenine; Thymine; Guanine; Cytosine DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil ...
... Q. What term is used to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height? Ability to roller skate Adenine; Thymine; Guanine; Cytosine DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil ...
The Maize Genome Poster
... contributed substantially to genome variation. Some classes of transposons cluster near centromeres, while others are found near genes that lack the chemical modification of methylation. Most, however, are located in heavily methylated, intergenic regions, contributing to the distinctive genome of e ...
... contributed substantially to genome variation. Some classes of transposons cluster near centromeres, while others are found near genes that lack the chemical modification of methylation. Most, however, are located in heavily methylated, intergenic regions, contributing to the distinctive genome of e ...
Bioinformatics
... • Outputting hash results • $s = $oligos{’192a8’}; • print “oligo 192a8 is $s\n”; • print “oligo 192a8 is ”,length $oligos{’192a8’},“ base pairs long\n”; • print “oligo 18c10 is $oligos{’18c10’}\n”; ...
... • Outputting hash results • $s = $oligos{’192a8’}; • print “oligo 192a8 is $s\n”; • print “oligo 192a8 is ”,length $oligos{’192a8’},“ base pairs long\n”; • print “oligo 18c10 is $oligos{’18c10’}\n”; ...
Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence for humans (Homo sapiens), encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid human genomes, which are contained in germ cells (the egg and sperm gamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization creates a zygote) consist of three billion DNA base pairs, while diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1%), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees (approximately 4%) and bonobos. Humans share 50% of their DNA with bananas.The Human Genome Project produced the first complete sequences of individual human genomes, with the first draft sequence and initial analysis being published on February 12, 2001. The human genome was the first of all vertebrates to be completely sequenced. As of 2012, thousands of human genomes have been completely sequenced, and many more have been mapped at lower levels of resolution. The resulting data are used worldwide in biomedical science, anthropology, forensics and other branches of science. There is a widely held expectation that genomic studies will lead to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and to new insights in many fields of biology, including human evolution.Although the sequence of the human genome has been (almost) completely determined by DNA sequencing, it is not yet fully understood. Most (though probably not all) genes have been identified by a combination of high throughput experimental and bioinformatics approaches, yet much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the biological functions of their protein and RNA products. Recent results suggest that most of the vast quantities of noncoding DNA within the genome have associated biochemical activities, including regulation of gene expression, organization of chromosome architecture, and signals controlling epigenetic inheritance.There are an estimated 20,000-25,000 human protein-coding genes. The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved, and could continue to drop further. Protein-coding sequences account for only a very small fraction of the genome (approximately 1.5%), and the rest is associated with non-coding RNA molecules, regulatory DNA sequences, LINEs, SINEs, introns, and sequences for which as yet no function has been elucidated.