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Vertebrate somitogenesis: a novel paradigm for animal segmentation?
... Fig. 1. (A) Schematized view of the somitogenesis process in vertebrates. Such a scheme also applies for segmentation of many invertebrate species. (B) Progressive segment formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrates and many invertebrates produce their segments in this way. Abbreviations: A, anterio ...
... Fig. 1. (A) Schematized view of the somitogenesis process in vertebrates. Such a scheme also applies for segmentation of many invertebrate species. (B) Progressive segment formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrates and many invertebrates produce their segments in this way. Abbreviations: A, anterio ...
Head-tail patterning of the vertebrate embryo: one, two or many
... animal pole. In turn, the Spemann organizer emits signals (primarily BMP antagonists) which confer dorsal fates to cells within it and in adjacent regions. Downstream of these earliest molecular components, Nodal signaling (probably together with FGF) plays a critical role in mesoderm induction. The ...
... animal pole. In turn, the Spemann organizer emits signals (primarily BMP antagonists) which confer dorsal fates to cells within it and in adjacent regions. Downstream of these earliest molecular components, Nodal signaling (probably together with FGF) plays a critical role in mesoderm induction. The ...
Anillin, a Contractile Ring Protein That Cycles from the Nucleus to
... 1994). The orientation of this ring is governed by the positions of the mitotic spindle through an unknown mechanism (Rappaport and Rappaport, 1974). During late anaphase, the cell cortex changes in the region where the cleavage furrow will form. Both myosin II and the recently identified septin pro ...
... 1994). The orientation of this ring is governed by the positions of the mitotic spindle through an unknown mechanism (Rappaport and Rappaport, 1974). During late anaphase, the cell cortex changes in the region where the cleavage furrow will form. Both myosin II and the recently identified septin pro ...
Two-step process for photoreceptor formation inDrosophila
... (Fig. 3). All rhabdomeres contained Rh1 (Fig. 3b) but none of the inner rhodopsins (Rh3, Rh4, Rh5 and Rh6) were detected at signi®cant levels (Fig. 3d, f and h), strongly supporting the model proposed above that both R7 and R8 were transformed into outer R1±R6 PRCs. A similar, but weaker and less pe ...
... (Fig. 3). All rhabdomeres contained Rh1 (Fig. 3b) but none of the inner rhodopsins (Rh3, Rh4, Rh5 and Rh6) were detected at signi®cant levels (Fig. 3d, f and h), strongly supporting the model proposed above that both R7 and R8 were transformed into outer R1±R6 PRCs. A similar, but weaker and less pe ...
... Extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (σECF). σECF are mainly involved in the regulation of cell envelope related functions such as secretion, iron transport or stress responses, usually in response to environmental stimuli (Missiakas and Raina, 1998; Helmann, 2002; Mascher, 2013). Moreover, σECF ...
AKAP MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Jennifer J. Carlisle
... interaction in vivo (37). Endogenous mAKAP immunoprecipitated from L6 rhabdomyosarcoma cells copurified PKI-sensitive kinase activity, which demonstrates an in vivo interaction between mAKAP and PKA (37). The targeting domain of mAKAP consists of three spectrin-like repeat sequences (37). Subcellula ...
... interaction in vivo (37). Endogenous mAKAP immunoprecipitated from L6 rhabdomyosarcoma cells copurified PKI-sensitive kinase activity, which demonstrates an in vivo interaction between mAKAP and PKA (37). The targeting domain of mAKAP consists of three spectrin-like repeat sequences (37). Subcellula ...
Supplementary Table VI. List of Deletions/Hypomorphic Alleles
... Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ADP ribosylation factors involved in proliferation of the Golgi, intra-Golgi transport and ER-to-Golgi transport; found in the cytoplasm and on Golgi-associated coated vesicles Hydrophilic protein involved in vesicle trafficking between the ER and Golgi; ...
... Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ADP ribosylation factors involved in proliferation of the Golgi, intra-Golgi transport and ER-to-Golgi transport; found in the cytoplasm and on Golgi-associated coated vesicles Hydrophilic protein involved in vesicle trafficking between the ER and Golgi; ...
POP-1 and Anterior–Posterior Fate Decisions in
... such as the eggshell, sister blastomeres resulting from a transverse cleavage may ultimately adopt slightly different a/p positions in the embryo; we thus describe a division as a/p or transverse on the basis of the initial spindle position (Figure 1). To identify POP-1-containing cells in fixed emb ...
... such as the eggshell, sister blastomeres resulting from a transverse cleavage may ultimately adopt slightly different a/p positions in the embryo; we thus describe a division as a/p or transverse on the basis of the initial spindle position (Figure 1). To identify POP-1-containing cells in fixed emb ...
1 1 2 3 4 5 Wnt proteins can direct planar cell polarity in
... To find out whether the observed effect on PCP is specific to Wnt5a or can be mediated by other ...
... To find out whether the observed effect on PCP is specific to Wnt5a or can be mediated by other ...
Domain structure of a human general
... Plasmids for expressing GAL4-RAP30 or VP16-RAP74 fusions were constructed by inserting PCR-generated fragments of RAP30 or RAP74 into the EcoRI site of plasmid pSG424 (34) or pAASWP16 (35), respectively, as in (20). PCR fragments were generated by standard methods with primers encoding the amino aci ...
... Plasmids for expressing GAL4-RAP30 or VP16-RAP74 fusions were constructed by inserting PCR-generated fragments of RAP30 or RAP74 into the EcoRI site of plasmid pSG424 (34) or pAASWP16 (35), respectively, as in (20). PCR fragments were generated by standard methods with primers encoding the amino aci ...
subunits of Snf1 kinase are required for kinase function and
... a-subunits and these show differences in tissue and developmental expression patterns as well as distinct substrate speci®cities (Verhoeven et al., 1995; Michell et al., 1996; Woods et al., 1996; Salt et al., 1998). The yeast genome encodes the SNF1 gene as the only a-subunit gene. The regulation of ...
... a-subunits and these show differences in tissue and developmental expression patterns as well as distinct substrate speci®cities (Verhoeven et al., 1995; Michell et al., 1996; Woods et al., 1996; Salt et al., 1998). The yeast genome encodes the SNF1 gene as the only a-subunit gene. The regulation of ...
Glucose Induces Lipolytic Cleavage of a Glycolipidic Plasma
... (for review see Low, 1989). In most cases the enzymic activities of the alternative forms of the proteins are very similar, and no specific difference has been found to correlate with the presence or absence of the GPI anchor. These observations suggest that it is not a general requirement for a cha ...
... (for review see Low, 1989). In most cases the enzymic activities of the alternative forms of the proteins are very similar, and no specific difference has been found to correlate with the presence or absence of the GPI anchor. These observations suggest that it is not a general requirement for a cha ...
Drosophila Importin-a2 Is Involved in Synapse, Axon and Muscle
... development and in developing neuroblasts [21,22], it is likely to be involved in additional aspects of neuronal development. Here, we show that Importin-a2 is expressed throughout the larval nervous system and is involved in determining both the density of ...
... development and in developing neuroblasts [21,22], it is likely to be involved in additional aspects of neuronal development. Here, we show that Importin-a2 is expressed throughout the larval nervous system and is involved in determining both the density of ...
Commentary in EMBO Journal
... formation of the autophagosome (i.e. the structure that engulfs and sequesters the cytoplasmic cargo marked for degradation) (Fig 1). The Beclin/phosphatidylinositol-3phosphate (BECN/PI3K) complex is recruited to the nascent autophagosome where it produces a pool of phosphatidylinositol-3phosphate, ...
... formation of the autophagosome (i.e. the structure that engulfs and sequesters the cytoplasmic cargo marked for degradation) (Fig 1). The Beclin/phosphatidylinositol-3phosphate (BECN/PI3K) complex is recruited to the nascent autophagosome where it produces a pool of phosphatidylinositol-3phosphate, ...
PDF
... that amino acids 626-678 of Smo is responsible for either direct or indirect association between SmoCT and PP4. We reasoned that if PP4 inhibits Smo phosphorylation through amino acids 626-678, deletion of this Smo-PP4 interacting domain should abolish Smo-PP4 interaction thus may lead to high basal ...
... that amino acids 626-678 of Smo is responsible for either direct or indirect association between SmoCT and PP4. We reasoned that if PP4 inhibits Smo phosphorylation through amino acids 626-678, deletion of this Smo-PP4 interacting domain should abolish Smo-PP4 interaction thus may lead to high basal ...
Gene Section EP300 (E1A binding protein p300) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... Widely expressed ; also expressed in the whole embryo; possesses from N term to C term: a nuclear localization signal, a poly-serine, a bromodomain, a poly-glu, a binding region for E1A adenovirus, and a poly-gln. ...
... Widely expressed ; also expressed in the whole embryo; possesses from N term to C term: a nuclear localization signal, a poly-serine, a bromodomain, a poly-glu, a binding region for E1A adenovirus, and a poly-gln. ...
Canonical Wnt9b signaling balances progenitor cell
... and crosslinked in 1% formaldehyde. Crosslinked tissues were homogenized into a single-cell suspension. Nuclei from crosslinked cells were resuspended in Tris-EDTA buffer and sonicated. The soluble chromatin was transferred into radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer and precleared. Immunoprec ...
... and crosslinked in 1% formaldehyde. Crosslinked tissues were homogenized into a single-cell suspension. Nuclei from crosslinked cells were resuspended in Tris-EDTA buffer and sonicated. The soluble chromatin was transferred into radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer and precleared. Immunoprec ...
C2006/F2402 `07
... B. Suppose the kidney cells have receptors for LDL, transferrin, & EGF. You isolate several kinds of vesicles from the cells, and suppose the vesicles carry ENaC. B-1. If you isolate uncoated endocytic vesicles that carry ENaC, the vesicles could also contain (LDL receptors) (transferrin receptors) ...
... B. Suppose the kidney cells have receptors for LDL, transferrin, & EGF. You isolate several kinds of vesicles from the cells, and suppose the vesicles carry ENaC. B-1. If you isolate uncoated endocytic vesicles that carry ENaC, the vesicles could also contain (LDL receptors) (transferrin receptors) ...
1 Evolutionary conservation and emerging functional diversity of the
... Being sessile, plants have to deal with complex environmental cues including a variety of stresses. They are evolved with specific mechanisms which help them regulate their cellular proteome with the changing external environment (Kosova et al. 2011; Kurepa et al. 2009). Molecular chaperones are a d ...
... Being sessile, plants have to deal with complex environmental cues including a variety of stresses. They are evolved with specific mechanisms which help them regulate their cellular proteome with the changing external environment (Kosova et al. 2011; Kurepa et al. 2009). Molecular chaperones are a d ...
Dissection of the Blue-Light-Dependent Signal
... We limited our investigations to the light-controlled conversion of pregametes to gametes because this second step in gametic differentiation is completely blue-lightdependent (Weissig and Beck, 1991).In addition, it is complete within a few hours (Treier et al., 1989; Beck and Acker, 1992) and can ...
... We limited our investigations to the light-controlled conversion of pregametes to gametes because this second step in gametic differentiation is completely blue-lightdependent (Weissig and Beck, 1991).In addition, it is complete within a few hours (Treier et al., 1989; Beck and Acker, 1992) and can ...
Gene repression by nuclear hormone receptors
... findings that repressed genes are mostly hypoacetylated. Recruitment of HDACs by co-repressors Co-repressors for NHRs are associated with HDACs [21]. They interact directly with HDAC II family members (HDACs 4–7). In addition, association of co-repressors with class I HDAC complexes have been report ...
... findings that repressed genes are mostly hypoacetylated. Recruitment of HDACs by co-repressors Co-repressors for NHRs are associated with HDACs [21]. They interact directly with HDAC II family members (HDACs 4–7). In addition, association of co-repressors with class I HDAC complexes have been report ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
Angiotensin-Induced Desensitization of the Phosphoinositide
... C in cultured heart cells. Ang II and phorbol esters evoked the same changes in contractile behavior and whole-cell Ca2' current.15 Further, both agents increased the phosphorylation state of the same set of proteins to the same extent, including an 80-kDa acidic protein, shown to be a substrate for ...
... C in cultured heart cells. Ang II and phorbol esters evoked the same changes in contractile behavior and whole-cell Ca2' current.15 Further, both agents increased the phosphorylation state of the same set of proteins to the same extent, including an 80-kDa acidic protein, shown to be a substrate for ...
NF-κB
... immune system. Furthermore, LUBAC negatively regulates RIG-I- and TRIM25-mediated type I interferon induction.The NZF domain of HOIL-1L competes with TRIM25 for RIG-I binding, and LUBAC facilitates the proteasomal degradation of TRIM25, suggesting that LUBAC may suppress interferon-mediated antivira ...
... immune system. Furthermore, LUBAC negatively regulates RIG-I- and TRIM25-mediated type I interferon induction.The NZF domain of HOIL-1L competes with TRIM25 for RIG-I binding, and LUBAC facilitates the proteasomal degradation of TRIM25, suggesting that LUBAC may suppress interferon-mediated antivira ...
Redox Homeostasis and Antioxidant Signaling: A
... The reactive nature of these intermediates means not only that their accumulation must be controlled but also that they are able to act as signaling molecules. The extent to which ROS accumulate is determined by the antioxidative system, which enables organisms to maintain proteins and other cellula ...
... The reactive nature of these intermediates means not only that their accumulation must be controlled but also that they are able to act as signaling molecules. The extent to which ROS accumulate is determined by the antioxidative system, which enables organisms to maintain proteins and other cellula ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.