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Regeneration and the need for simpler model organisms
... of cells lost to normal ‘wear and tear’ (cell turnover), and/or injury. This attribute is of particular significance to organisms possessing relatively long lifespans, as maintenance of all body parts and their functional integration is essential for their survival. Because tissue replacement is bro ...
... of cells lost to normal ‘wear and tear’ (cell turnover), and/or injury. This attribute is of particular significance to organisms possessing relatively long lifespans, as maintenance of all body parts and their functional integration is essential for their survival. Because tissue replacement is bro ...
Perspectives on the evolutionary origin of tetrapod limbs
... zoan phyla has revealed that Dll/Dlx is associated with outgrowths from the body wall in many different animals. For example, Dll/Dlx genes are expressed in the tubefeet and spines of sea urchins, in Onychophoran lobopodia and antennae, in ampullae and siphons of ascidians, in the parapodia of annel ...
... zoan phyla has revealed that Dll/Dlx is associated with outgrowths from the body wall in many different animals. For example, Dll/Dlx genes are expressed in the tubefeet and spines of sea urchins, in Onychophoran lobopodia and antennae, in ampullae and siphons of ascidians, in the parapodia of annel ...
Amphioxus Evx Genes: Implications for the Evolution of the Midbrain–Hindbrain
... 1996; Beck and Slack, 1999). A function during gastrulation is typical for the genes in all phyla so far examined (Ahringer, 1996), and so is probably an ancient role performed by Evx in a basal triploblast, vertebrate Evx2 being a derived exception (Dollé et al., 1994). The CNS expression is also ...
... 1996; Beck and Slack, 1999). A function during gastrulation is typical for the genes in all phyla so far examined (Ahringer, 1996), and so is probably an ancient role performed by Evx in a basal triploblast, vertebrate Evx2 being a derived exception (Dollé et al., 1994). The CNS expression is also ...
Discovery of genes with highly restricted expression
... suggesting they may also have appendage-specific roles (Klebes et al., 2002). Genes with known restricted expression patterns show enrichment on the arrays The rank order of transcripts correlates well with the spatial expression patterns of characterized genes. In the body wall, pannier (pan), twis ...
... suggesting they may also have appendage-specific roles (Klebes et al., 2002). Genes with known restricted expression patterns show enrichment on the arrays The rank order of transcripts correlates well with the spatial expression patterns of characterized genes. In the body wall, pannier (pan), twis ...
Identification of a novel protein encoded by third conserved gene
... Figure 3A shows that NWC protein is expressed in all examined tissues. However, the detectability in some tissues (e.g. brain) varies strongly between experiments and the reason for such variablity is not clear. Testis and thymus are the only tissues in which the NWC protein is consistently detected ...
... Figure 3A shows that NWC protein is expressed in all examined tissues. However, the detectability in some tissues (e.g. brain) varies strongly between experiments and the reason for such variablity is not clear. Testis and thymus are the only tissues in which the NWC protein is consistently detected ...
Canonical Wnt signaling is required for development of
... expressed with analogous kinetics during ES cell differentiation, we measured Wnt3 and Wnt8a expression by RT-PCR during the first 5 days of differentiation (Fig. 1A). Both ligands showed gradual induction, with peak expression occurring between 2 and 3 days of differentiation, followed by subsequen ...
... expressed with analogous kinetics during ES cell differentiation, we measured Wnt3 and Wnt8a expression by RT-PCR during the first 5 days of differentiation (Fig. 1A). Both ligands showed gradual induction, with peak expression occurring between 2 and 3 days of differentiation, followed by subsequen ...
Two Structural Domains Mediate Two Sequential y-Zein
... A PvulXbal DNA fragment of a y-zein genomic clone (Boronat et ai., 1986) containing the y-zein coding sequence (669 bp), which is flanked by a short 5’ sequence upstream from the start codon (11 bp) and the polyadenylation signals (175 bp), was appropriately engineered to delete sequences correspond ...
... A PvulXbal DNA fragment of a y-zein genomic clone (Boronat et ai., 1986) containing the y-zein coding sequence (669 bp), which is flanked by a short 5’ sequence upstream from the start codon (11 bp) and the polyadenylation signals (175 bp), was appropriately engineered to delete sequences correspond ...
Developmental control of blood cell migration by the Drosophila VEGF pathway. Cell 108, 865-876. pdf
... 1995), so we investigated whether RAS-MAPK was involved in hemocyte migration. Immunostaining with a diphospho-MAPK antiserum (␣-dpERK) showed that MAPK was activated in migrating hemocytes (Figure 3N). MAPK activation was greatly reduced in Vegfr mutants (Figure 3O), and it was increased by ectopic ...
... 1995), so we investigated whether RAS-MAPK was involved in hemocyte migration. Immunostaining with a diphospho-MAPK antiserum (␣-dpERK) showed that MAPK was activated in migrating hemocytes (Figure 3N). MAPK activation was greatly reduced in Vegfr mutants (Figure 3O), and it was increased by ectopic ...
ERdj5, an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
... and NdeI, the product was ligated in-frame into the His-tagged pET-15b plasmid (Novagen). His-tagged BiP was purified essentially following a ...
... and NdeI, the product was ligated in-frame into the His-tagged pET-15b plasmid (Novagen). His-tagged BiP was purified essentially following a ...
Cook Dev Cell 2003
... bp sequence that is shared between the R8-specific rh5 and rh6 promoters (Figure 2B), a sequence we refer to as seq56. Seq56 is evolutionarily conserved within the rh5 and rh6 promoters of D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, and D. virilis, both in sequence and relative position to other conserved el ...
... bp sequence that is shared between the R8-specific rh5 and rh6 promoters (Figure 2B), a sequence we refer to as seq56. Seq56 is evolutionarily conserved within the rh5 and rh6 promoters of D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, and D. virilis, both in sequence and relative position to other conserved el ...
Differential role played by the MEK/ERK/EGR
... showed that, upon VV infection, EGR-1 translocates into the nucleus where it binds to the EBS (egr-1-binding site) positioned at the 5 region of EGR-1-regulated genes. In spite of both viruses belonging to the same genus, several lines of evidence, however, revealed a remarkable contrast between th ...
... showed that, upon VV infection, EGR-1 translocates into the nucleus where it binds to the EBS (egr-1-binding site) positioned at the 5 region of EGR-1-regulated genes. In spite of both viruses belonging to the same genus, several lines of evidence, however, revealed a remarkable contrast between th ...
Capturing protein interactions in the secretory pathway of living cells
... ERGIC-53 as model protein. ERGIC-53 is a homooligomeric nonglycosylated type I transmembrane protein cycling in the early secretory pathway (17, 18). It contains a functional lectin domain (19) and acts as a cargo receptor for a subset of glycoproteins, including blood coagulation factors V and VIII ...
... ERGIC-53 as model protein. ERGIC-53 is a homooligomeric nonglycosylated type I transmembrane protein cycling in the early secretory pathway (17, 18). It contains a functional lectin domain (19) and acts as a cargo receptor for a subset of glycoproteins, including blood coagulation factors V and VIII ...
Automatically Extracting Structured Information from Biomedical Text University of Texas at Austin
... Other recent studies have identified human cyclin D1 (PRAD1) as a putative G1 cyclin and candidate proto-oncogene. However, the specific enzymatic activities and, hence, the precise biochemical mechanisms through which cyclins function to govern cell cycle progression remain unresolved. In the prese ...
... Other recent studies have identified human cyclin D1 (PRAD1) as a putative G1 cyclin and candidate proto-oncogene. However, the specific enzymatic activities and, hence, the precise biochemical mechanisms through which cyclins function to govern cell cycle progression remain unresolved. In the prese ...
The trans-Golgi network GRIP-domain proteins form α
... in the levels of TGN golgins has been shown to result in abnormalities in TGN structure and/or a block in membrane transport pathways, indicating that they may play a role similar to the golgins of the Golgi stack, as either matrix components and/or in vesicular tethering [7,13,14]. There are four m ...
... in the levels of TGN golgins has been shown to result in abnormalities in TGN structure and/or a block in membrane transport pathways, indicating that they may play a role similar to the golgins of the Golgi stack, as either matrix components and/or in vesicular tethering [7,13,14]. There are four m ...
Ubiquitin-Mediated Control of Plant Hormone
... question mark. Known (or unknown) target proteins are shown in blue (transcription factors) or green (kinases and transporters) pie wedges. Transcription factors that are directly bound by SCF target substrates are shown as yellow circles. A, An auxin efflux carrier, PIN2, is degraded in a ubiquitin ...
... question mark. Known (or unknown) target proteins are shown in blue (transcription factors) or green (kinases and transporters) pie wedges. Transcription factors that are directly bound by SCF target substrates are shown as yellow circles. A, An auxin efflux carrier, PIN2, is degraded in a ubiquitin ...
J-Domain Protein CDJ2 and HSP70B Are a Plastidic Chaperone
... protein for de novo-synthesized D1 (Schroda et al., 1999, 2001a). Other specialized functions of stromal Hsp70 were deduced from functions attributed to plastidic DnaJ-like proteins. The maize bsd2 mutant impaired in Rubisco assembly was shown to lack a protein exhibiting high sequence similarity to ...
... protein for de novo-synthesized D1 (Schroda et al., 1999, 2001a). Other specialized functions of stromal Hsp70 were deduced from functions attributed to plastidic DnaJ-like proteins. The maize bsd2 mutant impaired in Rubisco assembly was shown to lack a protein exhibiting high sequence similarity to ...
SYSTEMIN: A Polypeptide Signal for Plant Defensive Genes
... By screening a primary cDNA library using an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to an amino acid sequence in systemin, a partial cDNA was isolated (McGurl et al 1992), and the gene was subsequently isolated and characterized (McGurl & Ryan 1992). The cDNA and gene structures reveal that systemin is ...
... By screening a primary cDNA library using an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to an amino acid sequence in systemin, a partial cDNA was isolated (McGurl et al 1992), and the gene was subsequently isolated and characterized (McGurl & Ryan 1992). The cDNA and gene structures reveal that systemin is ...
Introduction to Cell fate and plasticity Introduction, fate maps
... FGF-MAPK and TFGβ-Smad signaling can now be used for other functions -> dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior patterning ...
... FGF-MAPK and TFGβ-Smad signaling can now be used for other functions -> dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior patterning ...
Gene trap insertion into a novel gene expressed during mouse limb
... fades away distally as the bud elongates. This suggests that expression of paddy in late stages does not depend on apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling and is probably involved in posterior determination in more proximal regions of the limb. Dev. Dyn. 1998;21 ...
... fades away distally as the bud elongates. This suggests that expression of paddy in late stages does not depend on apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling and is probably involved in posterior determination in more proximal regions of the limb. Dev. Dyn. 1998;21 ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes Involved in Survival of Heat Shock
... structure (Richter et al. 2010). The precise number and nature of genes induced by the heat-shock response may vary between organisms; however, at the fundamental level of chaperones, the response is conserved (Richter et al. 2010). Despite the considerable attention given to heat-shock regulation ...
... structure (Richter et al. 2010). The precise number and nature of genes induced by the heat-shock response may vary between organisms; however, at the fundamental level of chaperones, the response is conserved (Richter et al. 2010). Despite the considerable attention given to heat-shock regulation ...
PDF
... genetic analyses has been the functional redundancy that exists among paralogous groups within the four Hox gene clusters, such that most phenotypes are evident only if multiple genes of a group are deleted (Wellik, 2007; Zakany and Duboule, 2007). Still, the necessity for Hox genes in the developin ...
... genetic analyses has been the functional redundancy that exists among paralogous groups within the four Hox gene clusters, such that most phenotypes are evident only if multiple genes of a group are deleted (Wellik, 2007; Zakany and Duboule, 2007). Still, the necessity for Hox genes in the developin ...
Genes controlling expression of defense responses in
... different signaling pathways. The commonly-used ndr1, pad4, and eds1 alleles are likely null, as they are deletions or nonsense mutations that destabilize the mRNAs. The nature of the pbs2 alleles will not be known until PBS2 is isolated. What determines which pathway is used by a particular R gene ...
... different signaling pathways. The commonly-used ndr1, pad4, and eds1 alleles are likely null, as they are deletions or nonsense mutations that destabilize the mRNAs. The nature of the pbs2 alleles will not be known until PBS2 is isolated. What determines which pathway is used by a particular R gene ...
Barley MLA Immune Receptors Directly Interfere
... The nucleotide binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat (NLR)–containing proteins in plants and animals mediate pathogen sensing inside host cells and mount innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) mildew A (MLA) locus encodes coiled-coil (CC)–type NLRs mediati ...
... The nucleotide binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat (NLR)–containing proteins in plants and animals mediate pathogen sensing inside host cells and mount innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) mildew A (MLA) locus encodes coiled-coil (CC)–type NLRs mediati ...
Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells - JEM
... (Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA). pRSV–human growth hormone (hGH) was used to normalize transfection levels. ...
... (Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA). pRSV–human growth hormone (hGH) was used to normalize transfection levels. ...
CHAPTER 1 PATHOGENESIS OF GOUSIEKTE 1.1
... (Coulis et al., 2008). Communication between titin and Z-line proteins provide a mechanism for the cardiac myocyte to sense strain. Multiple phosphorylation sites reside on titin and thus play a role in signalling cascades. The C-terminus domain of titin has protein kinase activity (Yamasaki et al., ...
... (Coulis et al., 2008). Communication between titin and Z-line proteins provide a mechanism for the cardiac myocyte to sense strain. Multiple phosphorylation sites reside on titin and thus play a role in signalling cascades. The C-terminus domain of titin has protein kinase activity (Yamasaki et al., ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.