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tom
tom

... • On average 248 out of 2550 paths have no or incomplete routing information • No router aliases resolved Conclusion: robust against topology measurement errors ...
TCP/IP and Internetworking
TCP/IP and Internetworking

... – Node B: IP_addr=Y1 MAC_addr=X3 – If Node A tries to connect to Host then both Host and Node B may reply to Node A’s ARP request. Depending on timing and implementation Node A keeps in its ARP cache either the MAC address of Host or Node B. • If Host’s MAC then everything is ok. • If Node B’s MAC t ...
All optical multicast
All optical multicast

Evolution of Data Networks
Evolution of Data Networks

... – forwarding: to select an output port based on destination address and routing table – routing: process by which routing table is built A • Network as a Graph ...
Routing in packet switching networks
Routing in packet switching networks

... • Best path is based on different metrics: hops, delay, available bandwidth, in general, call them cost. • The best path is one with minimum cost or shortest path. • The routing algorithm must be told which metric to use • The routers exchange (routing) information to obtain values of these metrics ...
L046027479
L046027479

... uses a directional antenna or GPS system to estimate its (x, y) position. If GPS is used, every node knows it's (x, y) position assuming z = 0. Fig. 3 shows two mobile nodes with their positions determined using GPS. The positions of the two mobile nodes in Fig. 1 are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectiv ...
Routing
Routing

... destination based on prior experience. Forward a message if higher probability than previous hop. Example: Prophet routing protocol (Sami Network ...
ReviewSheet Midterm1 Last modified January 7
ReviewSheet Midterm1 Last modified January 7

... What is the theoretical maximum number of subnets in class C using the following subnet masks? (a) 255.255.255.128 (b) 255.255.255.0 ...
PDF
PDF

... Sequential neighbors and their importance in the recovery process and static resilience (though I did not discuss it in the lecture). Ring: topology seems by far the most promising topology (flexibility, sequential neighbors support). Why not use them? ...
Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

... •Geographic routing is secure against worm hole, sink hole, and Sybil attacks, but the remaining problem is that the location advertisement must be trusted. •Probabilistic selection of next hop from several advertisement can reduce the problem •Restricting the structure of the topology can eliminate ...
Integrated Dynamic IP and Wavelength Routing in IP over WDM
Integrated Dynamic IP and Wavelength Routing in IP over WDM

... The explicit route is then communicated back to the ingress router which then uses a signaling mechanism such as RSVP or LDP to set up the path to the egress and to reserve bandwidth on each link on the path. With MPLS integration into the optical layer, the same protocols should be able to set up w ...
PPT
PPT

...  Each link protocol provides different services  e.g., may or may not provide reliable data transfer over link ...
Link Layer: CPSC 441
Link Layer: CPSC 441

...  Each link protocol provides different services  e.g., may or may not provide reliable data transfer over link ...
ConnectX®-3 EN
ConnectX®-3 EN

... compute and storage network achieves significant cost-performance advantages over multi-fabric networks. Standard block and file access protocols can leverage RDMA for high-performance storage access. Quality of Service – Resource allocation per application or per VM is provided and protected by the ...
non-cooperative forwarding in ad-hoc networks
non-cooperative forwarding in ad-hoc networks

... among the participating entities. Forwarding packets of other nodes is an example of activity that requires such a collaboration. However, it may not be in interest of a node to always forward the requesting packets. At the same time, not forwarding any packet may adversly affect the network functio ...
ppt
ppt

... CSE 461: Multiple Access ...
Infrastructure Design for IPTV Services
Infrastructure Design for IPTV Services

... [Cha06-3] Cha et al., “Efficient and scalable provisioning solutions for always-on multicast streaming services,” (in submission). [SRLG] Sebos et al., “Auto-discovery of shared risk link groups,” IEEE OFC, March 2001. [APF] Xu et al., “On the complexity of and algorithms for finding the shortest pa ...
Alcatel-Lucent ISA-ES1 and ES4 Series
Alcatel-Lucent ISA-ES1 and ES4 Series

... ¬ Parallel store-and-forward • Bridging: ¬ IEEE 802.1D: Media Access Control (MAC) bridge ¬ IEEE 802.1Q: virtual bridge ¬ IEEE 802.1ad provider bridge • Class forwarding criteria ¬ Per port ¬ Per virtual LAN (VLAN) (802.1 Q) ¬ Per priority bit (802.1 p) ¬ 802.3 MAC DA • Flow control as per IEEE 802. ...
Path Splicing - UCLA Computer Science
Path Splicing - UCLA Computer Science

Distributed Systems
Distributed Systems

...  Presentation layer – resolves the differences in formats among the various sites in the network, including character conversions, and half duplex/full duplex (echoing)  Application layer – interacts directly with the users’ deals with file transfer, remote-login protocols and electronic mail, as ...
Fragmentation and IP Forwarding
Fragmentation and IP Forwarding

...  IP forwarding. Consider the network diagram below. Each router (a square in the figure) is ...
View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

... • May be more efficient than other protocols when rate of information transmission is low enough so that the overhead of explicit route discovery/maintenance incurred by other protocols is relatively higher – this scenario may occur, for instance, when nodes transmit small data packets relatively in ...
2.5.1.1 Proactive routing algorithm
2.5.1.1 Proactive routing algorithm

... link states are announced to all the nodes in a network. Thus, the routes to all possible destinations are discovered in advance of packet transmissions. If a proactive protocol is used for MANETs, an immediate problem is that rapid changes in network topology might overwhelm the network with contro ...
Deitel & Associates, Inc.
Deitel & Associates, Inc.

... An operating system that includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN). Some operating systems, such as UNIX and the Mac OS, have networking functions built in. The term network operating system, however, is generally reserved for software that enhan ...
SAMPLE TEST from past EXAMS
SAMPLE TEST from past EXAMS

... 23. If there are five routers and six networks in an internetwork, how many link state databases are there? a. 1 b. 5 c. 6 d. 11 24. Gateways function in which OSI layers? a. the lower three b. the upper four ...
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IEEE 802.1aq

Shortest Path Bridging (SPB), specified in the IEEE 802.1aq standard, is a computer networking technology intended to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, while enabling multipath routing.For non-experts, or non-technical readers SPB is an IEEE standard that combines many functions of routing, bridging, load balancing (link aggregration, multi-chassis link aggregation, equal-cost multi-path routing, network virtualization) and tunneling (virtual routing and forwarding, stealth networks, layer-2 virtual service networks (L2VSN), and layer-3 virtual service networks (L3VSN)) into a single easy to configure protocol, which can yield a variety of benefits such as better fault tolerance, increased bandwidth, and improved security.Shortest Path Bridging is the replacement for the older spanning tree protocols (STP) (spanning tree protocol IEEE 802.1D, rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w, multiple spanning tree protocol (MSTP) IEEE 802.1s) that permitted only a single path toward the root bridge and blocked any redundant paths that could result in a layer 2 loop. SPB allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, and provides much larger layer 2 topologies (up to 16 million compared to the traditional virtual local area network (VLAN) limit of 4,096 specified in the IEEE standard 802.1Q). It also supports faster convergence times, and improves the efficiency of the mesh topologies through increased bandwidth and redundancy between all devices, allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network. To enhance resiliency in the access layer SPB can also be integrated with link aggregation functions, such as standards-based link aggregation (IEEE 802.1AX) and proprietary multi-chassis link aggregation (MC-LAG) implementations.The technology provides logical Ethernet networks on native Ethernet infrastructures using a link state protocol to advertise both topology and logical network membership. Packets are encapsulated at the edge either in media access control-in-media access control (MAC-in-MAC) 802.1ah or tagged 802.1Q/802.1ad frames and transported only to other members of the logical network. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are supported and all routing is on a symmetric shortest paths.The control plane is based on the Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), leveraging a small number of extensions defined in Request for Comments(RFC) 6329.
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