Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University
... oxidized in the catabolic pathways • Oxidizing agent - accepts electrons, is reduced • Reducing agent - loses electrons, is oxidized • Oxidation of one molecule must be coupled with the reduction of another molecule ...
... oxidized in the catabolic pathways • Oxidizing agent - accepts electrons, is reduced • Reducing agent - loses electrons, is oxidized • Oxidation of one molecule must be coupled with the reduction of another molecule ...
Question Report - FM Faculty Web Pages
... mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells mitochondria have their own DNA ...
... mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells mitochondria have their own DNA ...
Lecture exam 1A
... C. An allosteric activator prevents the substrate from binding at the active site D. Only A and B are true E. A, B and C are all true 30. Which of the following statements about enzyme inhibition is true? A. If an inhibitor binds at the active site, it is a competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhib ...
... C. An allosteric activator prevents the substrate from binding at the active site D. Only A and B are true E. A, B and C are all true 30. Which of the following statements about enzyme inhibition is true? A. If an inhibitor binds at the active site, it is a competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhib ...
Keystone Biology Cram Sheet: MODULE 1 1. Because carbon has 4
... 15. The ER is like a protein assembly line. The workers along it are ribosomes, which actually line up the amino acids in the right order (according to the DNA code) 16. The proteins are finished, tweaked, modified, packaged and shipped by Golgi. 17. Vesicles carry the final protein products through ...
... 15. The ER is like a protein assembly line. The workers along it are ribosomes, which actually line up the amino acids in the right order (according to the DNA code) 16. The proteins are finished, tweaked, modified, packaged and shipped by Golgi. 17. Vesicles carry the final protein products through ...
(C)
... 12. Which of the following is not oxidation-reduction components in the respiratory electron chain of mitochondria? (A) FMN, (B) cytochromes, (C) Fe-S clusters, (D) copper ions, (E) ATP. 13. The reactions of pentose phosphate pathway operate exclusively in (A) mitochondria, (B) cytoplasm, (C) chloro ...
... 12. Which of the following is not oxidation-reduction components in the respiratory electron chain of mitochondria? (A) FMN, (B) cytochromes, (C) Fe-S clusters, (D) copper ions, (E) ATP. 13. The reactions of pentose phosphate pathway operate exclusively in (A) mitochondria, (B) cytoplasm, (C) chloro ...
Old Photo Respiration test
... Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true? a. The splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons. b. Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons. c. ATP is generated by photophosphorylation. d. Only A and C a ...
... Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true? a. The splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons. b. Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons. c. ATP is generated by photophosphorylation. d. Only A and C a ...
Cellular Respirationn Review Answers
... it to power ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ is used to shuttle electrons to the first component of the electron transport chain. During oxidative phosphorylation, NAD+ removes two hydrogen atoms from a part of the original glucose molecule. Two electrons and one proton attach to NAD ...
... it to power ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ is used to shuttle electrons to the first component of the electron transport chain. During oxidative phosphorylation, NAD+ removes two hydrogen atoms from a part of the original glucose molecule. Two electrons and one proton attach to NAD ...
Cell Respiration Teacher Notes
... • Glycolysis, Transition reaction, Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle), and Electron transport system • An aerobic process that requires O2 • If oxygen is not available (anaerobic), glycolysis is ...
... • Glycolysis, Transition reaction, Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle), and Electron transport system • An aerobic process that requires O2 • If oxygen is not available (anaerobic), glycolysis is ...
Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle - BYU
... are able to donate these electrons to an enzyme complex found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Think of the “electron transport chain” as being like a bucket brigade. A series of proteins pass 2 electrons from one to another. Sometimes when the electrons are passed, a little bit of the energy fr ...
... are able to donate these electrons to an enzyme complex found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Think of the “electron transport chain” as being like a bucket brigade. A series of proteins pass 2 electrons from one to another. Sometimes when the electrons are passed, a little bit of the energy fr ...
4 ADP + 4 Pi are converted to 2 ATP to produce a net gain of 2 ATP
... This creates a proton gradient across the membrane, High proton outside...low proton inside. (the proton gradient is a reservoir of potential energy that can be harnessed in a controlled fashion to generate high energy bonds in the form of ATP) The cells can then allow the protons to re-enter the c ...
... This creates a proton gradient across the membrane, High proton outside...low proton inside. (the proton gradient is a reservoir of potential energy that can be harnessed in a controlled fashion to generate high energy bonds in the form of ATP) The cells can then allow the protons to re-enter the c ...
File
... • 2. Electron Transport Chain- moves high energy eand transports H+ inside the thylakoid • 3. Photosystem I uses the e- & H+ to turn NADP+ into NADPH • 4. Hydrogen Ion movement makes the outside - and inside +. • 5. ATP formation- H+ move outside the membrane and ATP synthase creates ATP. ...
... • 2. Electron Transport Chain- moves high energy eand transports H+ inside the thylakoid • 3. Photosystem I uses the e- & H+ to turn NADP+ into NADPH • 4. Hydrogen Ion movement makes the outside - and inside +. • 5. ATP formation- H+ move outside the membrane and ATP synthase creates ATP. ...
Cellular Respiration
... supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration. ...
... supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... The 6C glucose is phosphorylated then split into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C) which are then oxidised further to produce the pyruvate, some ATP and reduced NAD NAD can be reduced to NADH - it accepts H+ and transports ions around the cell - the hydrogen can be transferred easily to other molecu ...
... The 6C glucose is phosphorylated then split into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C) which are then oxidised further to produce the pyruvate, some ATP and reduced NAD NAD can be reduced to NADH - it accepts H+ and transports ions around the cell - the hydrogen can be transferred easily to other molecu ...
APBioReview
... • Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis: Movement of electrons through the ETC is accompanied by a protein pumping mechanism that sets up an energy gradient consisting of hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. These are pumped from the inner mitochondrial matrix to the outer com ...
... • Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis: Movement of electrons through the ETC is accompanied by a protein pumping mechanism that sets up an energy gradient consisting of hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. These are pumped from the inner mitochondrial matrix to the outer com ...
Respiration
... • The cristae has a thousands of protein complexes that are alternatively oxidized and reduced. These complexes receive the high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2. • The generation of ATP is derived not from the oxidation and reduction of the protein complexes, but from a process known as chemios ...
... • The cristae has a thousands of protein complexes that are alternatively oxidized and reduced. These complexes receive the high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2. • The generation of ATP is derived not from the oxidation and reduction of the protein complexes, but from a process known as chemios ...
Energy and Metabolism
... It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses Acetyl CoA (end product of carbohydrate, fat, or protein ...
... It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses Acetyl CoA (end product of carbohydrate, fat, or protein ...
Slide 1
... 7. Explain and interpret diagrams of each of the following pathways: glycolysis, fermentation, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain by doing the following: a. start and end carbon sources (molecules) b. ATP used, produced, and net c. NADH (NADre) used, produced, and net d. FADH2 used, prod ...
... 7. Explain and interpret diagrams of each of the following pathways: glycolysis, fermentation, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain by doing the following: a. start and end carbon sources (molecules) b. ATP used, produced, and net c. NADH (NADre) used, produced, and net d. FADH2 used, prod ...
Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
... transport of protons links oxidation to phosphorylation. When electrons are passed to carriers only able to accept electrons, the H+ is translocated across the inner membrane. ...
... transport of protons links oxidation to phosphorylation. When electrons are passed to carriers only able to accept electrons, the H+ is translocated across the inner membrane. ...
Name
... _____ 13. Which pathway represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. H2O → Photosystem I → Photosystem II b. O2 → ADP → Calvin cycle c. Photosystem I → Calvin cycle → NADP+ d. H2O → NADP+ → Calvin cycle _____ 14. The Calvin cycle takes place in the a. stroma. b. photosystems. ...
... _____ 13. Which pathway represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. H2O → Photosystem I → Photosystem II b. O2 → ADP → Calvin cycle c. Photosystem I → Calvin cycle → NADP+ d. H2O → NADP+ → Calvin cycle _____ 14. The Calvin cycle takes place in the a. stroma. b. photosystems. ...
19 Oxidative Phosphorylation-Electron Transport A
... to one less ATP molecule being made. So where does the oxygen come from for the electrons and the protons to combine with to make water? All organisms (heterotrophs and autotrophs alike) MUST take in oxygen so that it can be the receptor for the electron in the electron transport IF the organism HAS ...
... to one less ATP molecule being made. So where does the oxygen come from for the electrons and the protons to combine with to make water? All organisms (heterotrophs and autotrophs alike) MUST take in oxygen so that it can be the receptor for the electron in the electron transport IF the organism HAS ...
acetyl CoA
... • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose molecule is – 2 ATP, – 6 NADH, and – 2 FADH2. ...
... • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose molecule is – 2 ATP, – 6 NADH, and – 2 FADH2. ...
PASS MOCK EXAM
... occurs spontaneously is expressed as which of the following? a. ∆G b. Keq c. Temperature d. All of the above 40. A properly folded protein contains which amino acid in its core depth? a. Lys b. Gln c. Thr d. Val 41. Primary active transport: a. Is driven by a direct source of energy (e.g. ...
... occurs spontaneously is expressed as which of the following? a. ∆G b. Keq c. Temperature d. All of the above 40. A properly folded protein contains which amino acid in its core depth? a. Lys b. Gln c. Thr d. Val 41. Primary active transport: a. Is driven by a direct source of energy (e.g. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.