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Nuclear Chemistry
... The fourth step is the six-carbon sugar fructose-1,6-diphosphate is split into two threecarbon compounds, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae, catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase. ...
... The fourth step is the six-carbon sugar fructose-1,6-diphosphate is split into two threecarbon compounds, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae, catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase. ...
Q1. (a) Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a
... The diagram represents two of the stages of aerobic respiration that take place in a mitochondrion. ...
... The diagram represents two of the stages of aerobic respiration that take place in a mitochondrion. ...
Biology Name_____________________________________
... 8. Put the following events of Glycolysis in order that they occur: a. Two 3-carbon molecules called PGAL are formed b. Two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. c. An ADP is transformed into an ATP d. An ATP is used to provide energy. e. NAD+ is transformed into NADH 9. What is the difference be ...
... 8. Put the following events of Glycolysis in order that they occur: a. Two 3-carbon molecules called PGAL are formed b. Two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. c. An ADP is transformed into an ATP d. An ATP is used to provide energy. e. NAD+ is transformed into NADH 9. What is the difference be ...
Biology TEST: Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life (Form: mrk 2008)
... c. are bases. d. are enzymes. 11. Amino acid is to protein as a. fat is to lipid. b. DNA is to RNA. c. sugar is to fat. d. simple sugar is to starch. 12. A monosaccharide is a a. carbohydrate. b. lipid. c. nucleic acid. d. protein. 13. Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of e ...
... c. are bases. d. are enzymes. 11. Amino acid is to protein as a. fat is to lipid. b. DNA is to RNA. c. sugar is to fat. d. simple sugar is to starch. 12. A monosaccharide is a a. carbohydrate. b. lipid. c. nucleic acid. d. protein. 13. Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of e ...
The Electron Transport Chain
... For complex II the standard free energy change of the overall reaction is too small to drive the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This accounts for the 1.5 ATP’s generated per FADH2 compared with the 2.5 ATP’s generated per NADH. V. Complex III This complex is also known ...
... For complex II the standard free energy change of the overall reaction is too small to drive the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This accounts for the 1.5 ATP’s generated per FADH2 compared with the 2.5 ATP’s generated per NADH. V. Complex III This complex is also known ...
Mitochondria
... bread is starch, a polysaccharide that is readily broken down by the digestive system into its component monosaccharide, glucose. The resulting glucose molecules can be oxidized to produce ATP (catabolism) or they can be bound together to make another polysaccharide, glycogen (anabolism). Glycogen i ...
... bread is starch, a polysaccharide that is readily broken down by the digestive system into its component monosaccharide, glucose. The resulting glucose molecules can be oxidized to produce ATP (catabolism) or they can be bound together to make another polysaccharide, glycogen (anabolism). Glycogen i ...
Slide 1
... a. Take sodium and chloride ions in by diffusion b. Move water out of the cell by active transport c. Use facilitated diffusion to break apart the sodium and chloride ions d. Lose water to the outside of the cell via osmosis ...
... a. Take sodium and chloride ions in by diffusion b. Move water out of the cell by active transport c. Use facilitated diffusion to break apart the sodium and chloride ions d. Lose water to the outside of the cell via osmosis ...
Energy in a Cell
... molecule? When ATP loses its last phosphate, the energy stored between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is released. This is the source of energy for the cell. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is then formed. Eventually, another phosphate will bond to ADP forming ATP which can be used for energy again. Sometime ...
... molecule? When ATP loses its last phosphate, the energy stored between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is released. This is the source of energy for the cell. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is then formed. Eventually, another phosphate will bond to ADP forming ATP which can be used for energy again. Sometime ...
H +
... enters glycolysis; fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle ...
... enters glycolysis; fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 9
... Transport Chain can’t function!! These are anaerobic conditions!! ...
... Transport Chain can’t function!! These are anaerobic conditions!! ...
mitochondria structure
... into Acetyl Coa which enter the Krebs cycle. This first reaction produce carbon dioxide, because it involves the removal of one carbon from pyruv, atc. How does the Krebs Cycles work. The whole idea behind respiration in the mitochondria is to use the Krebs ( also called the Citric acid Cycle ) to g ...
... into Acetyl Coa which enter the Krebs cycle. This first reaction produce carbon dioxide, because it involves the removal of one carbon from pyruv, atc. How does the Krebs Cycles work. The whole idea behind respiration in the mitochondria is to use the Krebs ( also called the Citric acid Cycle ) to g ...
Unit7CellRespirationTargetPractice
... concentration of protons is _________________ in the intermembrane space than in the matrix of the mitochondria. The protons cannot freely _____________ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Protons move across the inner membrane via a large protein called _________________; the energy rele ...
... concentration of protons is _________________ in the intermembrane space than in the matrix of the mitochondria. The protons cannot freely _____________ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Protons move across the inner membrane via a large protein called _________________; the energy rele ...
ATP and Energetics of Metabolism
... • Circulate as protein complexes • Major basal energy source ...
... • Circulate as protein complexes • Major basal energy source ...
Chapter 8 Notes – Energy and Metabolism
... – allosteric sites - specific binding sites acting as ___________________________ – activator - substances that ________________________ and keep the enzymes in their __________________ __________________________________ – increase _____________________ – cofactors - chemical components that _______ ...
... – allosteric sites - specific binding sites acting as ___________________________ – activator - substances that ________________________ and keep the enzymes in their __________________ __________________________________ – increase _____________________ – cofactors - chemical components that _______ ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
glucose, faKy acids, amino acids
... one or more electrons from another molecule • Carriers donate these electrons to another molecule inside the mitochondria to aid in ATP producDon • NAD+ and FADH are e-‐ carriers ...
... one or more electrons from another molecule • Carriers donate these electrons to another molecule inside the mitochondria to aid in ATP producDon • NAD+ and FADH are e-‐ carriers ...
Photosynthesis/Respiration
... • Although chlorophylls continuously release electrons it is replenished by breaking water molecules to get 4 e- and form 4 hydrogen ions and oxygen molecule. ...
... • Although chlorophylls continuously release electrons it is replenished by breaking water molecules to get 4 e- and form 4 hydrogen ions and oxygen molecule. ...
Cellular Respiration Explained
... FADH2. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, so the pyruvic acid has to move from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion. To make the ATP, NADH, and FADH2, the pyruvic acid is catalyzed by many enzymes in the Krebs Cycle. After the Krebs Cycle comes the ETC (more later). Before the ...
... FADH2. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, so the pyruvic acid has to move from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion. To make the ATP, NADH, and FADH2, the pyruvic acid is catalyzed by many enzymes in the Krebs Cycle. After the Krebs Cycle comes the ETC (more later). Before the ...
Lecture 20
... Electron transfer reactions to oxygen undergo transfer of one electron at a time (Pauli exclusion principle) Oxidations to oxygen from NADH require two electron steps to be changed to one electron steps. Stable radical structures like FMN or FAD and cytochromes are involved. ...
... Electron transfer reactions to oxygen undergo transfer of one electron at a time (Pauli exclusion principle) Oxidations to oxygen from NADH require two electron steps to be changed to one electron steps. Stable radical structures like FMN or FAD and cytochromes are involved. ...
Biology 105
... Most heat generated by a warmblooded organism (and some others) is through heat generated as a byproduct of the electrons moving down the electron chain. Acceptor molecules are reduced and oxidized creating small amounts of heat! ...
... Most heat generated by a warmblooded organism (and some others) is through heat generated as a byproduct of the electrons moving down the electron chain. Acceptor molecules are reduced and oxidized creating small amounts of heat! ...
Original
... A. 2 major stages: Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain (associated w/ chemiosmosis) B. Krebs cycle (matrix) a. Glucose oxidizes NAD+ reduced to NADH C. Electron Transport Chain (inner membrane) a. NADH makes ATP D. Krebs cycle also produces small amt. of ATP; most come from ETC and Chemiosmosis ...
... A. 2 major stages: Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain (associated w/ chemiosmosis) B. Krebs cycle (matrix) a. Glucose oxidizes NAD+ reduced to NADH C. Electron Transport Chain (inner membrane) a. NADH makes ATP D. Krebs cycle also produces small amt. of ATP; most come from ETC and Chemiosmosis ...
Standard 3
... as a SIMPLE SUGAR, which acts as a building block for larger carbohydrates such as starches. Example: GLUCOSE ____ Nucleic Acid ...
... as a SIMPLE SUGAR, which acts as a building block for larger carbohydrates such as starches. Example: GLUCOSE ____ Nucleic Acid ...
Extracting Energy from Food
... Thermodynamic Limits Pumps move against the concentration gradient – if not enough energy they move backwards (energy from ATP must be greater than sum of chemical and electrical potential energy) ...
... Thermodynamic Limits Pumps move against the concentration gradient – if not enough energy they move backwards (energy from ATP must be greater than sum of chemical and electrical potential energy) ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.