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2 Pyruvic Acid
... During respiration electrons are removed from glucose and transported to the ETC by electron carriers. Energy from the electrons is used to synthesize ATP in the ETC. ...
... During respiration electrons are removed from glucose and transported to the ETC by electron carriers. Energy from the electrons is used to synthesize ATP in the ETC. ...
008 Chapter 08 Metabolism: Energy Enzymes and Regulation 1
... 26. Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration? A. nitrate B. sulfate C. carbon dioxide D. all of the choices 27. Fatty acids are metabolized by the __________ pathway. A. alpha-oxidation B. beta-oxidation C. gamma-oxidation D. delta-oxidation 28. During b ...
... 26. Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration? A. nitrate B. sulfate C. carbon dioxide D. all of the choices 27. Fatty acids are metabolized by the __________ pathway. A. alpha-oxidation B. beta-oxidation C. gamma-oxidation D. delta-oxidation 28. During b ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. o The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. o The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. o It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that ...
... The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. o The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. o The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. o It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that ...
File
... in glycolysis, and the progression pathways in the presence or absence of oxygen (fermentation). The role of the enzyme phosphofructokinase in this pathway. The formation of citrate. Pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A to be transferred to the citric acid cycle a ...
... in glycolysis, and the progression pathways in the presence or absence of oxygen (fermentation). The role of the enzyme phosphofructokinase in this pathway. The formation of citrate. Pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A to be transferred to the citric acid cycle a ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via N AD + and an electron transport chain. ...
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via N AD + and an electron transport chain. ...
Concept 1 - Phillips Scientific Methods
... Each pyruvate then enters the Kreb’s cycle where the remaining hydrogens are removed and stored in molecules of NADH and FADH2. Two additional molecules of ATP are created. The original carbon and oxygen from glucose are released as 3 molecules of CO2 per pyruvate (6 CO2 molecules in total). c. Desc ...
... Each pyruvate then enters the Kreb’s cycle where the remaining hydrogens are removed and stored in molecules of NADH and FADH2. Two additional molecules of ATP are created. The original carbon and oxygen from glucose are released as 3 molecules of CO2 per pyruvate (6 CO2 molecules in total). c. Desc ...
Mitochondrial Genome
... – The Krebs cycle then converts acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide and high energy electrons. The high energy electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2. ...
... – The Krebs cycle then converts acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide and high energy electrons. The high energy electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2. ...
SBI-4U1 Exam Review
... 16. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + H2O + light energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 a. Where is each of the reactants utilized? Carbon dioxide – Calvin cycle. Carbon is fixed by rubisco. Water – Electron transport chain (light rxns) – Water is split by Z protein to replenish electron defi ...
... 16. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + H2O + light energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 a. Where is each of the reactants utilized? Carbon dioxide – Calvin cycle. Carbon is fixed by rubisco. Water – Electron transport chain (light rxns) – Water is split by Z protein to replenish electron defi ...
electron transport chain
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
2015
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
... Redox passage of electrons due to difference in electron affinity ...
... Redox passage of electrons due to difference in electron affinity ...
STRUCTURE OF ATP
... ethyl alcohol.Very less amount of energy is generated through this type of respiration in the cytoplasm of living cells. This occurs in lower organisms , such as many bacteria and some fungi. AEROBIC RESPIRATION When free molecular oxygen is used in the respiratory break down of the substrate then i ...
... ethyl alcohol.Very less amount of energy is generated through this type of respiration in the cytoplasm of living cells. This occurs in lower organisms , such as many bacteria and some fungi. AEROBIC RESPIRATION When free molecular oxygen is used in the respiratory break down of the substrate then i ...
LP - Columbia University
... bad, and probably not even produce those psycho-pharmacological effects for which ethanol is famous. {Q&A} Just as in the case of ATP, the NAD - NADH2 case is one of re-generation, not generation. Once a little NAD is made, it can shuttle back and forth millions of times getting alternately reduced ...
... bad, and probably not even produce those psycho-pharmacological effects for which ethanol is famous. {Q&A} Just as in the case of ATP, the NAD - NADH2 case is one of re-generation, not generation. Once a little NAD is made, it can shuttle back and forth millions of times getting alternately reduced ...
PASS MOCK EXAM
... C) The partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to partial negative charge on the hydrogen atom of another water molecule. D) The partial positive charge on the hy ...
... C) The partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to partial negative charge on the hydrogen atom of another water molecule. D) The partial positive charge on the hy ...
Study Guide 1st Semester
... 32. Where are the alkali metal elements found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkali metals? 33. Where are the alkaline earth metals found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkaline earth metals? 34. What is a ...
... 32. Where are the alkali metal elements found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkali metals? 33. Where are the alkaline earth metals found? How do their electron configurations end? What are some typical behaviors of alkaline earth metals? 34. What is a ...
Passive and active transport
... Facilitated diffusion of ions takes place through proteins, or assemblies of proteins, embedded in the plasma membrane. These tran-smembrane proteins form a water-filled channel through which the ion can pass down its concentration gradient . ...
... Facilitated diffusion of ions takes place through proteins, or assemblies of proteins, embedded in the plasma membrane. These tran-smembrane proteins form a water-filled channel through which the ion can pass down its concentration gradient . ...
Sample Exam 1
... a. They act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions. b. They are the molecules of instruction and inheritance. c. They provide structure to the body by holding it together. d. They provide the primary source of fuel for a cell to make energy. e. They allow polar molecules to move through a cell me ...
... a. They act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions. b. They are the molecules of instruction and inheritance. c. They provide structure to the body by holding it together. d. They provide the primary source of fuel for a cell to make energy. e. They allow polar molecules to move through a cell me ...
Chemistry Test Study Guide
... 22. _____________ and ______________ are the two types of nucleic acids. 23. Name the function of nucleic acids. _________________________________________ 24. Describe/Draw the structure of DNA. ( What does it look like?) ____________________________ Energy and Enzymes 25. ______________________ are ...
... 22. _____________ and ______________ are the two types of nucleic acids. 23. Name the function of nucleic acids. _________________________________________ 24. Describe/Draw the structure of DNA. ( What does it look like?) ____________________________ Energy and Enzymes 25. ______________________ are ...
Biology Review Test
... 8. What is the equation that summarizes cellular respiration? a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy b. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 c. ADP + Pi + Energy ATP d. C6H12O6 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP ...
... 8. What is the equation that summarizes cellular respiration? a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy b. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 c. ADP + Pi + Energy ATP d. C6H12O6 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP ...
2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... • CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 (occurs in bloodstream) • The reaction above is so slow that CO2 might build up in the body faster than the bloodstream could remove it. Our bloodstream contains an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the reaction by a factor of 10 million. The reaction takes place im ...
... • CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 (occurs in bloodstream) • The reaction above is so slow that CO2 might build up in the body faster than the bloodstream could remove it. Our bloodstream contains an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the reaction by a factor of 10 million. The reaction takes place im ...
Unit 3 Review Sheet – Biochemistry
... What are the characteristics of water that make it important to life? Polar, high heat capacity, resists temperature change, abililty to bond and attract other molecules (cohesion and adhesion), ice is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, most abundant compound in living things What does ...
... What are the characteristics of water that make it important to life? Polar, high heat capacity, resists temperature change, abililty to bond and attract other molecules (cohesion and adhesion), ice is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, most abundant compound in living things What does ...
Pre-Test
... The hydrolysis of ATP is an endergonic process that can supply needed energy for anabolic pathways. The cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways. The energy release on hydrolysis of ATP is the result of breaking a high-energy bond. Much of ...
... The hydrolysis of ATP is an endergonic process that can supply needed energy for anabolic pathways. The cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways. The energy release on hydrolysis of ATP is the result of breaking a high-energy bond. Much of ...
Column A
... J) Draw the electron dot diagram (Lewis Dot Structure) and then tell if it would give up or take on electrons to get a full shell. Also tell what charge it would have (positive or negative and how much ex: +2) ...
... J) Draw the electron dot diagram (Lewis Dot Structure) and then tell if it would give up or take on electrons to get a full shell. Also tell what charge it would have (positive or negative and how much ex: +2) ...
Microbial physiology. Microbial metabolism. Enzymes. Nutrition
... compounds, carbon from CO2 4. Chemoheterotrophs —energy from chemical compounds, carbon from organic ...
... compounds, carbon from CO2 4. Chemoheterotrophs —energy from chemical compounds, carbon from organic ...
Unit 1 Practice Test
... (A) They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH. (B) They both require a net input of ATP. (C) They both result in a release of oxygen. (D) They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix. (E) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix. 21. The bonding of tw ...
... (A) They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH. (B) They both require a net input of ATP. (C) They both result in a release of oxygen. (D) They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix. (E) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix. 21. The bonding of tw ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.