as a PDF
... Dcytb was highly expressed in brush border membranes of enterocytes and exhibited ferric reductase activity with the artificial electron donor nitroblue tetrazolium. Dcytb had not been purified or spectrally characterized, but it appears likely that it is the mouse homologue of the cytochrome b 558 ...
... Dcytb was highly expressed in brush border membranes of enterocytes and exhibited ferric reductase activity with the artificial electron donor nitroblue tetrazolium. Dcytb had not been purified or spectrally characterized, but it appears likely that it is the mouse homologue of the cytochrome b 558 ...
In the light of the haloarchaea metabolism
... To study their structural properties and to extend the understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance responsible for halophilic adaptation, glucose dehydrogenase from Hfx. mediterranei has been overexpressed [24] and its structure has been solved at 1.6 Ǻ. Analysis of protein solvent intera ...
... To study their structural properties and to extend the understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance responsible for halophilic adaptation, glucose dehydrogenase from Hfx. mediterranei has been overexpressed [24] and its structure has been solved at 1.6 Ǻ. Analysis of protein solvent intera ...
2-7 Active-Site Geometry
... orientation and the collision will be non-productive. Thus, if both molecules first bind to an enzyme active site, and do so in such a way that their reactive portions are juxtaposed, the probability of a reaction is optimized. In solution, when two molecules collide but do not react they bounce off ...
... orientation and the collision will be non-productive. Thus, if both molecules first bind to an enzyme active site, and do so in such a way that their reactive portions are juxtaposed, the probability of a reaction is optimized. In solution, when two molecules collide but do not react they bounce off ...
MedBiochem Exam 1, 1998
... 22. All of the statements about Coenzymes are true EXCEPT A. coenzymes are the non-protein portion of an enzyme B. cosubstrates that associate transiently with the active site of the enzyme C. cosubstrates that undergo an alteration following completion of the reaction D. prosthetic groups are the n ...
... 22. All of the statements about Coenzymes are true EXCEPT A. coenzymes are the non-protein portion of an enzyme B. cosubstrates that associate transiently with the active site of the enzyme C. cosubstrates that undergo an alteration following completion of the reaction D. prosthetic groups are the n ...
Sample Responses Q2 - AP Central
... (d) An inner membrane of a mitochondrion Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to inner membrane): • Phospholipids and proteins (or component later in sequence)—describe at least one • → organization of proteins (specific respiratory molecules together) → folding → memb ...
... (d) An inner membrane of a mitochondrion Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to inner membrane): • Phospholipids and proteins (or component later in sequence)—describe at least one • → organization of proteins (specific respiratory molecules together) → folding → memb ...
Exam 2 Practice Questions
... Energy from ion gradients/proton motive force; single membrane spanning protein Describe ABC system: ATP-binding cassette, energy from ATP, consists of three components and transports in or out Describe group translocation: Chemical modification of solute as it is transported (modification uses ener ...
... Energy from ion gradients/proton motive force; single membrane spanning protein Describe ABC system: ATP-binding cassette, energy from ATP, consists of three components and transports in or out Describe group translocation: Chemical modification of solute as it is transported (modification uses ener ...
CH 2 - Faperta UGM
... Most plants do not store large quantities of lipids, with the exception of some oilseeds Most lipid in plants have structural role as component of membranes and are synthesized in each cells Plant do not transport fatty and complex lipids between their tissue The most important plant tissues ...
... Most plants do not store large quantities of lipids, with the exception of some oilseeds Most lipid in plants have structural role as component of membranes and are synthesized in each cells Plant do not transport fatty and complex lipids between their tissue The most important plant tissues ...
biological chemistry. the bank of mcq test questions 2016-2017
... 2. The formation and secretion of trypsin is disturbed in case of pancreas diseases. The hydrolysis of which of the following substances is impaired in this case? A. Proteins. B. Lipids. C. Carbohydrates. D. Nucleic acids. E. Phospholipids. 3. A newborn develops dyspepsia after the milk feeding. Wh ...
... 2. The formation and secretion of trypsin is disturbed in case of pancreas diseases. The hydrolysis of which of the following substances is impaired in this case? A. Proteins. B. Lipids. C. Carbohydrates. D. Nucleic acids. E. Phospholipids. 3. A newborn develops dyspepsia after the milk feeding. Wh ...
enzymes
... •Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase all carry out the same reaction — the cleavage of a peptide chain, but they display very different specificities. •Trypsin cleaves peptides on the carbonyl side of the basic amino acids, arginine or lysine. •Chymotrypsin prefers to cleave on the carbonyl side of ...
... •Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase all carry out the same reaction — the cleavage of a peptide chain, but they display very different specificities. •Trypsin cleaves peptides on the carbonyl side of the basic amino acids, arginine or lysine. •Chymotrypsin prefers to cleave on the carbonyl side of ...
chapt05_lecture
... 2. Electron Transport Chain a. Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced and then oxidized. b. This is an exergonic reaction, and the energy produced is used to make ATP from ADP. 1) ADP is phosphorylated. 2) This process is called oxidative phosphorylati ...
... 2. Electron Transport Chain a. Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced and then oxidized. b. This is an exergonic reaction, and the energy produced is used to make ATP from ADP. 1) ADP is phosphorylated. 2) This process is called oxidative phosphorylati ...
Regulation of metabolic pathways at the cellular level
... other (KC and RC) - the local accumulation of substrate • Transport of excess citrate from MIT to the cytoplasm - AcCoA transfer and regulation of glycolysis and FA synthesis ...
... other (KC and RC) - the local accumulation of substrate • Transport of excess citrate from MIT to the cytoplasm - AcCoA transfer and regulation of glycolysis and FA synthesis ...
Acyl-CoA
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
Protein oxidation and cellular homeostasis: Emphasis
... different enzymes: cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD-1), mitochondrial Mn-SOD (SOD-2) and extracellular SOD (SOD-3) [38,39]. SOD-1 consists of two identical subunits and an active site containing copper and zinc atoms linked by a histidine residue. SOD-1 is constitutively expressed by all mammalian cells and ...
... different enzymes: cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD-1), mitochondrial Mn-SOD (SOD-2) and extracellular SOD (SOD-3) [38,39]. SOD-1 consists of two identical subunits and an active site containing copper and zinc atoms linked by a histidine residue. SOD-1 is constitutively expressed by all mammalian cells and ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
Biology Ch08
... Does NOT require light / uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars that can be stored for a long time ...
... Does NOT require light / uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars that can be stored for a long time ...
Cells
... – Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (cristae) – Matrix • Fluid around cristae ...
... – Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (cristae) – Matrix • Fluid around cristae ...
Exercise Metabolism
... • After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production O2 consumption reaches steady state within 1–4 minutes oxygen supply is meeting the oxygen demand by way of aerobic metabolism ...
... • After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production O2 consumption reaches steady state within 1–4 minutes oxygen supply is meeting the oxygen demand by way of aerobic metabolism ...
Ribosome binding site Polysomes （多聚核糖体）
... • The ultimate cellular location of proteins is often determined by specific, relatively short amino acid sequence within the proteins themselves. These sequences can be responsible for proteins being secreted, imported into the nucleus or targeted to other organelles. ...
... • The ultimate cellular location of proteins is often determined by specific, relatively short amino acid sequence within the proteins themselves. These sequences can be responsible for proteins being secreted, imported into the nucleus or targeted to other organelles. ...
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
... catalyze these oxidations are generally called oxidases or, if the oxygen atom is derived directly from molecular oxygen (O2), oxygenases. Every oxidation must be accompanied by a reduction, in which an electron acceptor acquires the electrons removed by oxidation. Oxidation reactions generally rele ...
... catalyze these oxidations are generally called oxidases or, if the oxygen atom is derived directly from molecular oxygen (O2), oxygenases. Every oxidation must be accompanied by a reduction, in which an electron acceptor acquires the electrons removed by oxidation. Oxidation reactions generally rele ...
Biol 1406 Ch 5
... Know how coupled reactions (exergonic feeding endergonic) work and know if the net coupled reaction would be classified as exergonic or endergonic (subtracting the ΔG values for each reaction from each other) ...
... Know how coupled reactions (exergonic feeding endergonic) work and know if the net coupled reaction would be classified as exergonic or endergonic (subtracting the ΔG values for each reaction from each other) ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... The next metabolites to add are any of the following metabolites: NAD+, NADH, deamino-NAD+, iminoaspartate, quinolinate and nicotinate D-ribonucleotide. In the metabolic reconstruction of G. sulfurreducens aspartate oxidase (NadB) was annotated as using NAD+ as a hydrogen acceptor, thus the biosynth ...
... The next metabolites to add are any of the following metabolites: NAD+, NADH, deamino-NAD+, iminoaspartate, quinolinate and nicotinate D-ribonucleotide. In the metabolic reconstruction of G. sulfurreducens aspartate oxidase (NadB) was annotated as using NAD+ as a hydrogen acceptor, thus the biosynth ...
Prevention of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage as a
... ⌬H⫹ (state 4) compared with when the mitochondria are making ATP (state 3) (30 –32). The increased leakiness of the mitochondrial inner membrane to protons may be to minimize superoxide production in state 4 by limiting the maximum ⌬H⫹ (28). Although the mechanism of this proton leak is not certai ...
... ⌬H⫹ (state 4) compared with when the mitochondria are making ATP (state 3) (30 –32). The increased leakiness of the mitochondrial inner membrane to protons may be to minimize superoxide production in state 4 by limiting the maximum ⌬H⫹ (28). Although the mechanism of this proton leak is not certai ...
Zhan-3-Enzyme
... Apoenzyme + cofactor = holoenzyme No protein cofactors: Metal ions: Zn2+, or Fe 2+ Organic molecules: coenzymes, derivatives of vitamins Holoenzyme: enzyme with its cofactor Apoenzyme: the protein portion of the holoenzyme Prosthetic group: a tightly bound coenzyme ...
... Apoenzyme + cofactor = holoenzyme No protein cofactors: Metal ions: Zn2+, or Fe 2+ Organic molecules: coenzymes, derivatives of vitamins Holoenzyme: enzyme with its cofactor Apoenzyme: the protein portion of the holoenzyme Prosthetic group: a tightly bound coenzyme ...
Note - EtoosIndia
... The synthesis of ATP is coupled with electron transport system and creation of proton gradient across the membrane during photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorlaion. Both are same but the difference is that during oxidative phosphorylation high H + ion concentration at intermembrane space/ p ...
... The synthesis of ATP is coupled with electron transport system and creation of proton gradient across the membrane during photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorlaion. Both are same but the difference is that during oxidative phosphorylation high H + ion concentration at intermembrane space/ p ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.