AdvLec10_WebCT
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE - Homepages | The University of Aberdeen
... than at equilibrium, so movement towards equilibrium occurs in the direction of hydrolysis, which is therefore spontaneous, occurring with a -G. ...
... than at equilibrium, so movement towards equilibrium occurs in the direction of hydrolysis, which is therefore spontaneous, occurring with a -G. ...
“Midterm” Exam # 1 - Elgin Community College
... make up a number and use that for the rest of the problem. Best of luck! 14.7 psi = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg, Avogadro’s number 6.02x1023, R = 0.082 L*atm*K-1*mol-1, R = 8.314 J*K-1*mol-1 1) (4 pts) Name the following substances: NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate ...
... make up a number and use that for the rest of the problem. Best of luck! 14.7 psi = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg, Avogadro’s number 6.02x1023, R = 0.082 L*atm*K-1*mol-1, R = 8.314 J*K-1*mol-1 1) (4 pts) Name the following substances: NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate ...
Chapter 20 Specific Catabolic Pathways: Carbohydrate, Lipid, and
... that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 -CH2 -C-OH + ATP + CoA-SH A fatty acid ...
... that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid. • Reaction 1: The fatty acid is activated by conversion to an acyl CoA. Activation is equivalent to the hydrolysis of two high-energy phosphate anhydrides. O R-CH2 -CH2 -C-OH + ATP + CoA-SH A fatty acid ...
Energy flows, metabolism and translation
... 350 kJ mol21 for a C – C bond). This value is consistent with the free energy potential of many high-energy biochemical metabolites, 50– 70 kJ mol21 [11], meaning that energy must have been brought about at a molecular scale by carriers capable of delivering quanta of energy in the corresponding ran ...
... 350 kJ mol21 for a C – C bond). This value is consistent with the free energy potential of many high-energy biochemical metabolites, 50– 70 kJ mol21 [11], meaning that energy must have been brought about at a molecular scale by carriers capable of delivering quanta of energy in the corresponding ran ...
Lecture 4 - Citric Acid Cycle 1 2 3 4 - chem.uwec.edu
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
Citric Acid Cycle - chem.uwec.edu - University of Wisconsin
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
Metabolism Fansler
... • greatest number of molecular collisions – Heat: increase beyond optimum T° • increased energy level of molecules disrupts bonds in enzyme & ...
... • greatest number of molecular collisions – Heat: increase beyond optimum T° • increased energy level of molecules disrupts bonds in enzyme & ...
OXIDATION NUMBERS
... A combination of two ionic half equations, one involving oxidation and the other reduction, produces a balanced REDOX equation. The equations can be balanced as follows... ...
... A combination of two ionic half equations, one involving oxidation and the other reduction, produces a balanced REDOX equation. The equations can be balanced as follows... ...
Chapter 15 Enzymes
... must have part of its polypeptide chain hydrolyzed and removed before it becomes active. • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from t ...
... must have part of its polypeptide chain hydrolyzed and removed before it becomes active. • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from t ...
Concept 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational
... to Speed up Biochemical Reactions • An exergonic reaction releases free energy (G), the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work. • Without a catalyst, the reaction will be very slow because there is an energy barrier between reactants and products. • An input of energy initiates th ...
... to Speed up Biochemical Reactions • An exergonic reaction releases free energy (G), the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work. • Without a catalyst, the reaction will be very slow because there is an energy barrier between reactants and products. • An input of energy initiates th ...
BIOTRANSFORMATION PHASE I Phase II
... Azo- and Nitro-reductions can be catalyzed •by enzymes of intestinal flora • by cytochrome P450 (usually oxidizing enzyme), has the capacity to reduce xenobiotics under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions (substrate rather than oxygen, accept electrons and is reduced) •interactions with reducing agen ...
... Azo- and Nitro-reductions can be catalyzed •by enzymes of intestinal flora • by cytochrome P450 (usually oxidizing enzyme), has the capacity to reduce xenobiotics under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions (substrate rather than oxygen, accept electrons and is reduced) •interactions with reducing agen ...
Plant Mitochondrial Electron Transfer and Molecular
... Q Pool refers to the large pool of ubiquinone that freely diffuses within the inner membrane and serves as the electron carrier that transfers electrons derived from the four dehydrogenasesto either complex 111 or the alternative oxidase. The bold upward-facingarrows designate the three complexes at ...
... Q Pool refers to the large pool of ubiquinone that freely diffuses within the inner membrane and serves as the electron carrier that transfers electrons derived from the four dehydrogenasesto either complex 111 or the alternative oxidase. The bold upward-facingarrows designate the three complexes at ...
Plant Mitochondrial Electron Transfer and Molecular
... Q Pool refers to the large pool of ubiquinone that freely diffuses within the inner membrane and serves as the electron carrier that transfers electrons derived from the four dehydrogenasesto either complex 111 or the alternative oxidase. The bold upward-facingarrows designate the three complexes at ...
... Q Pool refers to the large pool of ubiquinone that freely diffuses within the inner membrane and serves as the electron carrier that transfers electrons derived from the four dehydrogenasesto either complex 111 or the alternative oxidase. The bold upward-facingarrows designate the three complexes at ...
Biochemistry: A Short Course
... TIM- or α,β-barrel with 8 parallel βstrands surrounded by 8 α-helices. ...
... TIM- or α,β-barrel with 8 parallel βstrands surrounded by 8 α-helices. ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... degraded to Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA provides biologic energy Excess acetyl CoA is stored as Fatty Acids (FA’s) FA’s are assembled into more complex lipids like triglycerides (TG’s) ...
... degraded to Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA provides biologic energy Excess acetyl CoA is stored as Fatty Acids (FA’s) FA’s are assembled into more complex lipids like triglycerides (TG’s) ...
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sugars must be metabolized via one of several alternative pathways, as discussed later. In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many ba ...
... The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sugars must be metabolized via one of several alternative pathways, as discussed later. In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many ba ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
... Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, -glutamylcysteinylglycine. The -glutamyl part means that the amino group of the cysteine is attached to the side chain carboxyl group of the glutamic acid rather than to the -carboxyl. GSH is a thiol (sulfhydryl)-containing molecule that can be oxidized to the d ...
... Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, -glutamylcysteinylglycine. The -glutamyl part means that the amino group of the cysteine is attached to the side chain carboxyl group of the glutamic acid rather than to the -carboxyl. GSH is a thiol (sulfhydryl)-containing molecule that can be oxidized to the d ...
top408b1_2006
... -KG: Proline biosynthesis was done according to Fig 25.20, page 824. Most texts merge the first two steps into a "Kinase D.H." but learn it as shown here. G.S.A. spontaneously cyclizes, forming a Schiff base, which can then be reduced to give Pro. The Orn pathway (Fig 25.21, p. 825) is similar in m ...
... -KG: Proline biosynthesis was done according to Fig 25.20, page 824. Most texts merge the first two steps into a "Kinase D.H." but learn it as shown here. G.S.A. spontaneously cyclizes, forming a Schiff base, which can then be reduced to give Pro. The Orn pathway (Fig 25.21, p. 825) is similar in m ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_5_lecture
... H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the space between the inner and outer membranes. b. This sets up a huge concentration gradient of H+ between the membranes. c. H+ can only move through the inner membrane through structures called respiratory assemblies d. Movement of H+ across the membrane provid ...
... H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the space between the inner and outer membranes. b. This sets up a huge concentration gradient of H+ between the membranes. c. H+ can only move through the inner membrane through structures called respiratory assemblies d. Movement of H+ across the membrane provid ...
Unit 2 Chemistry of Life
... Question: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the electrical charge of subatomic particles: a. Protons +,electrons -, Neutrons Neutral ...
... Question: Which of the following statements is correct regarding the electrical charge of subatomic particles: a. Protons +,electrons -, Neutrons Neutral ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.