Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase translocates to cell surface in
... membrane of mitochondria. However, more and more evidence hints at the existence of F1Fo-ATP synthase on the outside of the plasma membrane of tumor cells and some types of normal cells, such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes [2]. Ectopic ATP synthase always localizes on the lipid ra ...
... membrane of mitochondria. However, more and more evidence hints at the existence of F1Fo-ATP synthase on the outside of the plasma membrane of tumor cells and some types of normal cells, such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes [2]. Ectopic ATP synthase always localizes on the lipid ra ...
Global Properties of the Metabolic Map of
... oxidized thioredoxin reduced glutathione acyl-ACP L-glycine GMP formate ...
... oxidized thioredoxin reduced glutathione acyl-ACP L-glycine GMP formate ...
ADP
... 1.2 Oxidation of Pyruvate to lactate After pyruvate is transported into mitochondria, it will be oxidized and decarboxylated to be acetyl Co A. ...
... 1.2 Oxidation of Pyruvate to lactate After pyruvate is transported into mitochondria, it will be oxidized and decarboxylated to be acetyl Co A. ...
Outline 19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes
... Vitamin: An organic molecule, essential in trace amounts that must be obtained in the diet because it is not synthesized in the body. Scurvy, pellagra, and rickets are caused by deficiencies of vitamins. Vitamins are grouped by solubility into two classes: watersoluble and fat-soluble. Some vitamins ...
... Vitamin: An organic molecule, essential in trace amounts that must be obtained in the diet because it is not synthesized in the body. Scurvy, pellagra, and rickets are caused by deficiencies of vitamins. Vitamins are grouped by solubility into two classes: watersoluble and fat-soluble. Some vitamins ...
Biologically Assembled Nanobiocatalysts Heejae Kim Qing Sun
... containing a lysine residue was covalently bound to agarose beads modified with b-casein containing multiple glutamine residues in the presence of MTG [28]. The DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) transfers an alkyl group from O6-alkylguanineDNA to one of its cysteine resid ...
... containing a lysine residue was covalently bound to agarose beads modified with b-casein containing multiple glutamine residues in the presence of MTG [28]. The DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) transfers an alkyl group from O6-alkylguanineDNA to one of its cysteine resid ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
Chemistry 20 Chapters 15 Enzymes
... produced by bacteria, mold, or yeast are inhibitors used to stop bacterial growth. For example, penicillin inhibits an enzyme needed for the formation of cell walls in bacteria, but not human cell membranes. With an incomplete wall, bacteria cannot survive, and the infection is stopped. However, som ...
... produced by bacteria, mold, or yeast are inhibitors used to stop bacterial growth. For example, penicillin inhibits an enzyme needed for the formation of cell walls in bacteria, but not human cell membranes. With an incomplete wall, bacteria cannot survive, and the infection is stopped. However, som ...
Muscles
... • Botulinum toxin is produced by bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a heavy chain joined by a disulphide bond to a light chain. • The light chain is a protease that attacks one of the fusion proteins at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchor ...
... • Botulinum toxin is produced by bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a heavy chain joined by a disulphide bond to a light chain. • The light chain is a protease that attacks one of the fusion proteins at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchor ...
- Circle of Docs
... lower the Km the higher the affinity (inverse relationship) ie. glucokinase and hexokinase when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate ...
... lower the Km the higher the affinity (inverse relationship) ie. glucokinase and hexokinase when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate ...
University of Groningen Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in higher
... COt-fixation. In plants photosynthesistakes place in the chloroplast. The light is absorbedby two photosystems(I and II), locatedin the thylakoid membranes,which are embeddedin the chloroplast.When much more light is absorbedthan can be used for COt-fixation, inactivation of photosynthesisoccurs. Th ...
... COt-fixation. In plants photosynthesistakes place in the chloroplast. The light is absorbedby two photosystems(I and II), locatedin the thylakoid membranes,which are embeddedin the chloroplast.When much more light is absorbedthan can be used for COt-fixation, inactivation of photosynthesisoccurs. Th ...
- Philsci-Archive
... The best known set of discovery strategies for the generation of causal and mechanistic hypotheses was proposed by Darden (2006), who outlined the following types: schema instantiation, modular subassembly, and forward/backward chaining. We will briefly introduce Darden’s strategies and then discuss ...
... The best known set of discovery strategies for the generation of causal and mechanistic hypotheses was proposed by Darden (2006), who outlined the following types: schema instantiation, modular subassembly, and forward/backward chaining. We will briefly introduce Darden’s strategies and then discuss ...
Phosphorylation of the F1Fo ATP Synthase Я Subunit
... assembly/stability defect. In addition, the ATPase activity was reduced but not abolished with the phosphomimetic mutation at T58, a site that altered the formation/maintenance of dimers of the F1Fo ATP synthase complex. Conclusions: Taken together, these data show that pseudophosphorylation of spec ...
... assembly/stability defect. In addition, the ATPase activity was reduced but not abolished with the phosphomimetic mutation at T58, a site that altered the formation/maintenance of dimers of the F1Fo ATP synthase complex. Conclusions: Taken together, these data show that pseudophosphorylation of spec ...
practice oxidative phosphorylation worksheet11
... passively down the concentration gradient through Protein Complex V, the inner domain of the protein complex “rotates.” This energy that is released from the passive movement of H+ (exergonic reaction) is now coupled to the endergonic synthesis of ATP, ADP + Pi ATP. Oxidative Phosphorylation (occu ...
... passively down the concentration gradient through Protein Complex V, the inner domain of the protein complex “rotates.” This energy that is released from the passive movement of H+ (exergonic reaction) is now coupled to the endergonic synthesis of ATP, ADP + Pi ATP. Oxidative Phosphorylation (occu ...
A re-evaluation of the ATP :NADPH budget
... Rather than considering dissipative electron transport pathways as necessary to uncouple respiratory precursor synthesis from ATP production, the present analysis emphasizes the metabolic value of ATP produced during N-linked respiration, with cellular ATP supply being tailored to ATP demand. ...
... Rather than considering dissipative electron transport pathways as necessary to uncouple respiratory precursor synthesis from ATP production, the present analysis emphasizes the metabolic value of ATP produced during N-linked respiration, with cellular ATP supply being tailored to ATP demand. ...
45_Biochemistry of Muscles
... skeletal muscle related to its metabolism • Skeletal muscle contains phosphocreatine, which acts as an energy store for short-term (seconds) demands. • Free fatty acids in plasma are a major source of energy, particularly under marathon conditions and in prolonged starvation. • Skeletal muscle can u ...
... skeletal muscle related to its metabolism • Skeletal muscle contains phosphocreatine, which acts as an energy store for short-term (seconds) demands. • Free fatty acids in plasma are a major source of energy, particularly under marathon conditions and in prolonged starvation. • Skeletal muscle can u ...
enzyme structure
... named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose "zymase". In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cellfree fermentation". Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out. Typi ...
... named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose "zymase". In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cellfree fermentation". Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out. Typi ...
PDF
... (aaRSs), a family of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent esterification of amino acids to the 3′ acceptor end of cognate tRNAs (Ibba and Soll, 2000). Cells generally count with a set of twenty aaRSs, each one specific for its cognate amino acid. According to structural and conservation criteria, ...
... (aaRSs), a family of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent esterification of amino acids to the 3′ acceptor end of cognate tRNAs (Ibba and Soll, 2000). Cells generally count with a set of twenty aaRSs, each one specific for its cognate amino acid. According to structural and conservation criteria, ...
Table S2
... Table S2, continued Pds1: Inhibits the onset of anaphase by binding and sequestering the Esp1 protease that cleaves the cohesin complexes that hold sister chromatids together. Binding of Pds1 to Esp1 was reported to depend in Cdc28 phosphorylation[53] Sic1: Inhibitor of Clb-Cdc28. Phosphorylation o ...
... Table S2, continued Pds1: Inhibits the onset of anaphase by binding and sequestering the Esp1 protease that cleaves the cohesin complexes that hold sister chromatids together. Binding of Pds1 to Esp1 was reported to depend in Cdc28 phosphorylation[53] Sic1: Inhibitor of Clb-Cdc28. Phosphorylation o ...
File
... constantly occurring within our bodies. Enzymes can catalyze reactions that break things down, which are called catabolic reactions. They can also catalyze reactions that put things together, which are called anabolic reactions. Enzymes are very specific to what reactions they catalyze. This is beca ...
... constantly occurring within our bodies. Enzymes can catalyze reactions that break things down, which are called catabolic reactions. They can also catalyze reactions that put things together, which are called anabolic reactions. Enzymes are very specific to what reactions they catalyze. This is beca ...
INTRODUCTION
... reduced levels of OXPHOS, as when cells are using glycolysis for the bulk of their ATP, the cristae are much thinner, more regular and this is called the condensed state. A result of these volume changes is that the protein concentration within the matrix in the orthodox state is very high to the p ...
... reduced levels of OXPHOS, as when cells are using glycolysis for the bulk of their ATP, the cristae are much thinner, more regular and this is called the condensed state. A result of these volume changes is that the protein concentration within the matrix in the orthodox state is very high to the p ...
2_5 Slides
... 2.5.2 Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. ...
... 2.5.2 Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. ...
Chapter 20 Lipid Biosynthesis
... 1. Fatty acid synthesis takes a different pathway from its degradation Occurs in the cytosol (chloroplasts in plants). Acetyl-CoA provides the first two carbons, which is elongated by sequential addition of two-carbon units donated from malonyl-CoA. Intermediates are attached to the -SH group ...
... 1. Fatty acid synthesis takes a different pathway from its degradation Occurs in the cytosol (chloroplasts in plants). Acetyl-CoA provides the first two carbons, which is elongated by sequential addition of two-carbon units donated from malonyl-CoA. Intermediates are attached to the -SH group ...
McDougall, K. J. and V. W. Woodword. Suppression
... Until recently the arg-12 locus, the locus which stwctwes ornithine tranrcorbomylare (OTCare), was represented by o single mutant, arg-12s (37301 ). arg-12s posrerrer about 3% of wild-type OTCore activity and is copable of suppressing the pyrimidine requirement of pyr-3 mutants characterized by in v ...
... Until recently the arg-12 locus, the locus which stwctwes ornithine tranrcorbomylare (OTCare), was represented by o single mutant, arg-12s (37301 ). arg-12s posrerrer about 3% of wild-type OTCore activity and is copable of suppressing the pyrimidine requirement of pyr-3 mutants characterized by in v ...
Balancing Redox Cofactor Generation and ATP Synthesis: Key
... ABSTRACT: Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a Gram-positive, thermophilic bacterium capable of ethanologenic fermentation of both C5 and C6 sugars and may have possible use for commercial bioethanol production [Tang et al., 2009; Taylor et al. (2009) Trends Biotechnol 27(7): 398–405]. Little is kno ...
... ABSTRACT: Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a Gram-positive, thermophilic bacterium capable of ethanologenic fermentation of both C5 and C6 sugars and may have possible use for commercial bioethanol production [Tang et al., 2009; Taylor et al. (2009) Trends Biotechnol 27(7): 398–405]. Little is kno ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.