Glycolysis
... 2 or 3 ATPs for each NADH entering electric transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. ...
... 2 or 3 ATPs for each NADH entering electric transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. ...
148 - Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research
... functions of protein kinase signal transduction pathways [1]. Moreover, dysregulation of protein kinases occurs in many diseases including cancer and inflammatory disorders. Protein kinases can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or d ...
... functions of protein kinase signal transduction pathways [1]. Moreover, dysregulation of protein kinases occurs in many diseases including cancer and inflammatory disorders. Protein kinases can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or d ...
Classification and domain analysis of protein
... Protein kinases commonly present in different kinome combinations: In addition, we have also identified some of the protein kinases which are commonly present in more than two species among the four kinomes (Table 6). The results reveal that PHKG1 and SPEG are commonly found only in human and chimpa ...
... Protein kinases commonly present in different kinome combinations: In addition, we have also identified some of the protein kinases which are commonly present in more than two species among the four kinomes (Table 6). The results reveal that PHKG1 and SPEG are commonly found only in human and chimpa ...
Growth-Environment Dependent Modulation of
... complement system. S. aureus cells were grown for 24 hours in 50 ml of serum in a 250 ml flask ...
... complement system. S. aureus cells were grown for 24 hours in 50 ml of serum in a 250 ml flask ...
De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis Mainly
... grow only until day 5 and then arrest. This arrest can be reversed by adding the nucleobase uracil (Chen and Slocum, 2008). In general, it is assumed that pyrimidine de novo synthesis is exclusively located in plastids with the exception of the reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO ...
... grow only until day 5 and then arrest. This arrest can be reversed by adding the nucleobase uracil (Chen and Slocum, 2008). In general, it is assumed that pyrimidine de novo synthesis is exclusively located in plastids with the exception of the reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO ...
Collagen XV: Exploring Its Structure and Role within the Tumor
... is lost before metastasis, this could facilitate the binding of these receptors to collagen I with subsequent upregulation of N-cadherin. In this context, there is already substantial evidence for cross-talk between RTKs, integrins, and E-cadherin (43, 46), and the vital role of these interactions i ...
... is lost before metastasis, this could facilitate the binding of these receptors to collagen I with subsequent upregulation of N-cadherin. In this context, there is already substantial evidence for cross-talk between RTKs, integrins, and E-cadherin (43, 46), and the vital role of these interactions i ...
Cytochromes P450 – importance of tissue specificity
... 14α-demetylase (CYP51) is one example of recycling between ER and cis-Golgi in somatic cells [14, 15] and transport through Golgi to the acrosome in male germ cells [15]. The exact reason for the static retention or recycling of cytochromes P450 is not fully understood. ER resident proteins must pos ...
... 14α-demetylase (CYP51) is one example of recycling between ER and cis-Golgi in somatic cells [14, 15] and transport through Golgi to the acrosome in male germ cells [15]. The exact reason for the static retention or recycling of cytochromes P450 is not fully understood. ER resident proteins must pos ...
Unnatural Amino Acid Mutagenesis of the GABAA Receptor Binding
... and 2Tyr205 are present at the 2 /␣1 interface and have been implicated in forming an important part of the GABA binding site. Here, we have probed interactions of these residues using subtle chemical changes: unnatural amino acid mutagenesis was used to introduce a range of Phe analogs, and mutan ...
... and 2Tyr205 are present at the 2 /␣1 interface and have been implicated in forming an important part of the GABA binding site. Here, we have probed interactions of these residues using subtle chemical changes: unnatural amino acid mutagenesis was used to introduce a range of Phe analogs, and mutan ...
Changes in carbohydrates and lipids during embryonic
... Glycogen content decreased gradually during early embryogenesis through days 0–4 and increased during days 5 and 6 and once again decreased on days 7 and 8 (figure 4). The utilisation of glycogen for various metabolic as well as for physiological functions such as energy source and substrate for chi ...
... Glycogen content decreased gradually during early embryogenesis through days 0–4 and increased during days 5 and 6 and once again decreased on days 7 and 8 (figure 4). The utilisation of glycogen for various metabolic as well as for physiological functions such as energy source and substrate for chi ...
(a) (b)
... In the glycolysis pathway, a molecule of glucose is converted in 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps to two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate. 1930s, Most of the details of this pathway were worked out by Otto Warburg, Gustav Embden, and Otto Meyerhof (German). This pathway is often referred to as the Embden–Mey ...
... In the glycolysis pathway, a molecule of glucose is converted in 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps to two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate. 1930s, Most of the details of this pathway were worked out by Otto Warburg, Gustav Embden, and Otto Meyerhof (German). This pathway is often referred to as the Embden–Mey ...
Rab Proteins and the Organization of Organelle Membrane Domains
... the largest interactome of any individual small GTPase family member described so far (Christoforidis et al. 1999a). Indeed, several of these effector molecules act coordinately and cooperatively with other components of the transport machinery. For example, the localized synthesis of phosphatidylin ...
... the largest interactome of any individual small GTPase family member described so far (Christoforidis et al. 1999a). Indeed, several of these effector molecules act coordinately and cooperatively with other components of the transport machinery. For example, the localized synthesis of phosphatidylin ...
The initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotes
... Figure 7 The binding of the 4E-BPs to eIF4E is regulated by phosphorylation. The 4E-BPs and eIF4Gs compete for a common binding site on eIF4E. Various stimuli increase the phosphorylation of the 4E-BPs. Hyperphosphorylated 4E-BPs have a relatively low affinity for eIF4E. Conversely, a decrease in 4E ...
... Figure 7 The binding of the 4E-BPs to eIF4E is regulated by phosphorylation. The 4E-BPs and eIF4Gs compete for a common binding site on eIF4E. Various stimuli increase the phosphorylation of the 4E-BPs. Hyperphosphorylated 4E-BPs have a relatively low affinity for eIF4E. Conversely, a decrease in 4E ...
Serine/Threonine Phosphatases
... the enzyme that converts phosphorylase a back to b, called the “PR enzyme” (phosphorylase phosphatase), had been reported a decade earlier (Cori and Green, 1943), although the chemical nature of the reaction remained enigmatic until inorganic phosphate was found to be a product of the reaction (Kreb ...
... the enzyme that converts phosphorylase a back to b, called the “PR enzyme” (phosphorylase phosphatase), had been reported a decade earlier (Cori and Green, 1943), although the chemical nature of the reaction remained enigmatic until inorganic phosphate was found to be a product of the reaction (Kreb ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding, at the molecular level, of all of the chemical process associated with living cells. To achieve this objective, biochemists have sought to isolate the numerous molecules found in cells, determine their structures, and analyze how the ...
... The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding, at the molecular level, of all of the chemical process associated with living cells. To achieve this objective, biochemists have sought to isolate the numerous molecules found in cells, determine their structures, and analyze how the ...
Mechanistic insights into the regulation of metabolic enzymes by
... Jiang et al., 2011). Ubiquitylation of PCK1 has previously been observed in C4 plants where PCK1 catalyzes the same reaction and is responsible for the primary fixation of atmospheric CO2 (Agetsuma et al., 2005). Whether the ubiquitylation of plant PCK1 is linked to acetylation and the identity of i ...
... Jiang et al., 2011). Ubiquitylation of PCK1 has previously been observed in C4 plants where PCK1 catalyzes the same reaction and is responsible for the primary fixation of atmospheric CO2 (Agetsuma et al., 2005). Whether the ubiquitylation of plant PCK1 is linked to acetylation and the identity of i ...
3-4 (Weigent)
... [S2] Recent Developments Supporting the Importance of Growth Hormone a. This slide has most of the take home information about growth hormone. ****This will be a question on the test. b. Growth hormone is involved in linear growth. It has effects on chondrocytes. c. It reduces adiposity. This is fav ...
... [S2] Recent Developments Supporting the Importance of Growth Hormone a. This slide has most of the take home information about growth hormone. ****This will be a question on the test. b. Growth hormone is involved in linear growth. It has effects on chondrocytes. c. It reduces adiposity. This is fav ...
finalglycogen (2)
... Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched α-DGLUCOSE units (α1,4and α1,6) each branch is made of 6-12 glucose units , at the branching point the chain is attached by 1-6 link ...
... Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched α-DGLUCOSE units (α1,4and α1,6) each branch is made of 6-12 glucose units , at the branching point the chain is attached by 1-6 link ...
Creatine kinase: The reactive cysteine is required for synergism but
... to partial or complete inactivation of the enzyme. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have substituted the corresponding reactive Cys278 in the chicken cardiac mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mib-CK) with either glycine, serine, alanine, asparagine, or aspartate. The resulting mutant Mib-CK enzymes ...
... to partial or complete inactivation of the enzyme. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have substituted the corresponding reactive Cys278 in the chicken cardiac mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mib-CK) with either glycine, serine, alanine, asparagine, or aspartate. The resulting mutant Mib-CK enzymes ...
DIFFERENCES IN ENZYME CONTENT OF AZUROPHIL AND
... product first appeared in myelocytes, and later stages contained numerous reactive granules. The results of tests for lipase and thiolacetic acid esterase were negative at all developmental stages. Both types of granules stained for basic protein and arginine. It is concluded that azurophil and spec ...
... product first appeared in myelocytes, and later stages contained numerous reactive granules. The results of tests for lipase and thiolacetic acid esterase were negative at all developmental stages. Both types of granules stained for basic protein and arginine. It is concluded that azurophil and spec ...
Src protein–tyrosine kinase structure and regulation
... that results in inhibition from phosphorylation by C-terminal Src kinase. In the restrained state, the SH2 domain forms a salt bridge with phosphotyrosine 527, and the SH3 domain binds to the kinase domain via a polyproline type II left-handed helix. The SH2 and SH3 domains occur on the backside of ...
... that results in inhibition from phosphorylation by C-terminal Src kinase. In the restrained state, the SH2 domain forms a salt bridge with phosphotyrosine 527, and the SH3 domain binds to the kinase domain via a polyproline type II left-handed helix. The SH2 and SH3 domains occur on the backside of ...
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... precursors. The amino group is removed from the amino acid as NH4+ and used by the kidney to buffer excreted metabolic acids. During starvation kidney can perform up to 50% of the gluconeogenesis necessary to sustain the organism. Kidney takes over this process during starvation in order to produce ...
... precursors. The amino group is removed from the amino acid as NH4+ and used by the kidney to buffer excreted metabolic acids. During starvation kidney can perform up to 50% of the gluconeogenesis necessary to sustain the organism. Kidney takes over this process during starvation in order to produce ...
Rapid enzyme assays investigating the variation in the glycolytic
... metabolic flux, and survival (DiMichele and Powers, 1982a,b, 1991; Paynter et al., 1991). The direct involvement of this locus in developmental rate was recently demonstrated by replacing one LDH-B4 allele with the other in eggs (DiMichele et al., 1991). Other examples involve the Pg/locus in the bu ...
... metabolic flux, and survival (DiMichele and Powers, 1982a,b, 1991; Paynter et al., 1991). The direct involvement of this locus in developmental rate was recently demonstrated by replacing one LDH-B4 allele with the other in eggs (DiMichele et al., 1991). Other examples involve the Pg/locus in the bu ...
Regulation of metabolism by dietary carbohydrates in two lines of
... supply on growth, feed utilisation, body composition and postprandial plasma metabolite levels. At the tissue level, we examined the signalling of intracellular energy sensors (AMPK), activation of insulin and nutrient pathway (Akt, TOR-S6) and gene expression of key enzymes involved in glycolysis, ...
... supply on growth, feed utilisation, body composition and postprandial plasma metabolite levels. At the tissue level, we examined the signalling of intracellular energy sensors (AMPK), activation of insulin and nutrient pathway (Akt, TOR-S6) and gene expression of key enzymes involved in glycolysis, ...
regulation of mammalian acetyl
... vitro, and this is accompanied by a small inactivation of ACC. These studies collectively suggest that Ser-96, the site phosphorylated by protein kinase C, is not the site regulated by insulin. Although insulin activates ACC and stimulates its phosphorylation, a direct causal relationship between th ...
... vitro, and this is accompanied by a small inactivation of ACC. These studies collectively suggest that Ser-96, the site phosphorylated by protein kinase C, is not the site regulated by insulin. Although insulin activates ACC and stimulates its phosphorylation, a direct causal relationship between th ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.