1.1. diabetes mellitus
... impaired cardiovascular reflexes, impaired bladder control, decreased sensation in the extremities and other symptoms or peripheral nerve damage. In addition hypertension, secondary to renal injury, and artherosclerosis, secondary to abnormal lipid metabolism, often develop in patients with diabetes ...
... impaired cardiovascular reflexes, impaired bladder control, decreased sensation in the extremities and other symptoms or peripheral nerve damage. In addition hypertension, secondary to renal injury, and artherosclerosis, secondary to abnormal lipid metabolism, often develop in patients with diabetes ...
Differential effects of heptanoate and hexanoate on myocardial citric
... fatty acids, supplementation of the diet with the triglyceride of heptanoate [which generates propionyl-CoA after two cycles of -oxidation (Fig. 1)] resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement in cardiac and skeletal muscle function that is not observed with octanoate supplementation (29). As these ...
... fatty acids, supplementation of the diet with the triglyceride of heptanoate [which generates propionyl-CoA after two cycles of -oxidation (Fig. 1)] resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement in cardiac and skeletal muscle function that is not observed with octanoate supplementation (29). As these ...
lactic acid ENG.cdr
... During anaerobic respiration lactate is derived from the metabolism of pyruvate. This reversible reaction is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and involves the conversion of NADH to NAD+. When oxygen supply to cells is reduced, NAD+ production by electron transport ceases. This leads to a bu ...
... During anaerobic respiration lactate is derived from the metabolism of pyruvate. This reversible reaction is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and involves the conversion of NADH to NAD+. When oxygen supply to cells is reduced, NAD+ production by electron transport ceases. This leads to a bu ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... is a central energy-yielding pathway in many organisms and tissues. In mammalian heart and liver, for example, it provides as much as 80% of the energetic needs under all physiological circumstances. The electrons removed from fatty acids during oxidation pass through the respiratory chain, driving ...
... is a central energy-yielding pathway in many organisms and tissues. In mammalian heart and liver, for example, it provides as much as 80% of the energetic needs under all physiological circumstances. The electrons removed from fatty acids during oxidation pass through the respiratory chain, driving ...
Glucose metabolic flux distribution of Lactobacillus amylophilus
... is not readily combustible, other fuels need to be mixed in. However, kitchen waste hinder the increase in incinerator temperature and the presence of chlorinated compounds corrodes the fireplace and produces dioxins. In addition, the long-term application of high-salt-content fertilizers made from ...
... is not readily combustible, other fuels need to be mixed in. However, kitchen waste hinder the increase in incinerator temperature and the presence of chlorinated compounds corrodes the fireplace and produces dioxins. In addition, the long-term application of high-salt-content fertilizers made from ...
regulation of fatty acid synthesis
... synthesis must also consider those reactions that precede and follow these two enzyme systems. It is not fully understood which reactions are responsible for providing acetyl-CoA to ACCase, but extensive experiments with leaf tissue indicate that acetyl-CoA synthetase can rapidly convert acetate to ...
... synthesis must also consider those reactions that precede and follow these two enzyme systems. It is not fully understood which reactions are responsible for providing acetyl-CoA to ACCase, but extensive experiments with leaf tissue indicate that acetyl-CoA synthetase can rapidly convert acetate to ...
Translocation of Photosynthate - Academic Resources at Missouri
... Pyruvic Acid (C3) intermediates ...
... Pyruvic Acid (C3) intermediates ...
CELLULAR ENERGY METABOLISM DURING FETAL
... In view of the importance of fatty acids as substrates for the mature heart, fatty acid oxidation by fetal and calf heart mitochondria has been investigated . Free fatty acids of 10 carbon units or less which exhibit carnitine-independent transport into mitochondria were effective substrates for oxi ...
... In view of the importance of fatty acids as substrates for the mature heart, fatty acid oxidation by fetal and calf heart mitochondria has been investigated . Free fatty acids of 10 carbon units or less which exhibit carnitine-independent transport into mitochondria were effective substrates for oxi ...
Fat to the fire: the regulation of lipid oxidation
... genetics, biophysics, exercise physiology, and biomechanics. From these connections, he would synthesize provocative hypotheses that will occupy many of us for years to come. As one of the reviewers of this manuscript wondered: why do many of Peter’s former students now work on lipids—an area in whi ...
... genetics, biophysics, exercise physiology, and biomechanics. From these connections, he would synthesize provocative hypotheses that will occupy many of us for years to come. As one of the reviewers of this manuscript wondered: why do many of Peter’s former students now work on lipids—an area in whi ...
Krebs Cycle
... - PDC reaction products acetyl-CoA and NADH activate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)— which in turn phosphorylates a serine residue in E1 resulting in its inactivation - Mitogenic signals (demanding energy production) such as insulin and Ca2+ reverse this inactivation by virtue of their ability ...
... - PDC reaction products acetyl-CoA and NADH activate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)— which in turn phosphorylates a serine residue in E1 resulting in its inactivation - Mitogenic signals (demanding energy production) such as insulin and Ca2+ reverse this inactivation by virtue of their ability ...
Catalase - Alpha Diagnostic International
... decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one molecule of catalase can convert 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 am ...
... decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one molecule of catalase can convert 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 am ...
Metabolomics - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
... (eg, citrate synthase and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex) and reversible steps, ending with the regeneration of oxaloacetate (Figure 1A). These CAC steps are generally considered to take place predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA derived from glycolysis (via pyruvate dehyd ...
... (eg, citrate synthase and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex) and reversible steps, ending with the regeneration of oxaloacetate (Figure 1A). These CAC steps are generally considered to take place predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA derived from glycolysis (via pyruvate dehyd ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
Activation by Exercise of Human Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate
... lactate or decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA. Thus the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is the flux generating step in pyruvate oxidation; also, because the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is always near-equilibrium, the rate of pyruvate oxidation assumes importance through its indirect effect on lactate p ...
... lactate or decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA. Thus the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is the flux generating step in pyruvate oxidation; also, because the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is always near-equilibrium, the rate of pyruvate oxidation assumes importance through its indirect effect on lactate p ...
Glycogen Earth organisms use three major forms of - Rose
... reaction is driven physiologically by cleavage of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate by pyrophosphatase. The UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction acts as a priming step, and provides the energy required to form the glycoside bond in glycogen. Note that UTP is thus acting as a metabolic energy-co ...
... reaction is driven physiologically by cleavage of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate by pyrophosphatase. The UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction acts as a priming step, and provides the energy required to form the glycoside bond in glycogen. Note that UTP is thus acting as a metabolic energy-co ...
CHAPTER 15 - GLYCOGEN METABOLISM AND
... The role of the insulin-dependent protein kinase in dephosphorylation in muscle is seen below in Figure 15-19. This kinase exerts its effect on PP1, which binds to the glycogen particle via its G subunit. Insulin will be secreted from the pancreas when the energy demands of the cell have been met. U ...
... The role of the insulin-dependent protein kinase in dephosphorylation in muscle is seen below in Figure 15-19. This kinase exerts its effect on PP1, which binds to the glycogen particle via its G subunit. Insulin will be secreted from the pancreas when the energy demands of the cell have been met. U ...
1 - Free
... 14. name the compound which can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond formed between the two molecules, ...
... 14. name the compound which can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond formed between the two molecules, ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... enters the cell to be metabolized. Glucose 6-phosphate may proceed to several metabolic pathways. During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDPglucose are used to form UDP-glucur ...
... enters the cell to be metabolized. Glucose 6-phosphate may proceed to several metabolic pathways. During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose. Minor amounts of UDPglucose are used to form UDP-glucur ...
Hepatology: Anatomy, Physiology and Dev
... Ito Cell/Fat-storing Cell Rare cell, located in sinusoids under endothelium Stores lipophilic materials such as Vitamin A Stimulated by chronic inflammation/alcohol converts to myofibroblast produces collagen and extracellular matrix Responsible for much of the excess fibrotic material in cirrhosi ...
... Ito Cell/Fat-storing Cell Rare cell, located in sinusoids under endothelium Stores lipophilic materials such as Vitamin A Stimulated by chronic inflammation/alcohol converts to myofibroblast produces collagen and extracellular matrix Responsible for much of the excess fibrotic material in cirrhosi ...
Transcriptome analysis reveals unique C4
... ArA can be commercially obtained from marine fish oil, animal tissues and fungi [8]. Interest in ArA and other long-chain PUFAs inspired the search for new PUFA sources. Myrmecia incisa Reisigl H4301, a coccoid green microalga species of Trebouxiophyceae [9], has recently been reported to accumulate ...
... ArA can be commercially obtained from marine fish oil, animal tissues and fungi [8]. Interest in ArA and other long-chain PUFAs inspired the search for new PUFA sources. Myrmecia incisa Reisigl H4301, a coccoid green microalga species of Trebouxiophyceae [9], has recently been reported to accumulate ...
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase
... brain, and lung. It is also present in the liver. When body tissue or an organ such as the heart or liver is damaged, additional AST is released into the bloodstream. The amount of AST in the blood is directly related to the extent of the tissue damage. A side effect of some lipid-lowering drugs (th ...
... brain, and lung. It is also present in the liver. When body tissue or an organ such as the heart or liver is damaged, additional AST is released into the bloodstream. The amount of AST in the blood is directly related to the extent of the tissue damage. A side effect of some lipid-lowering drugs (th ...
Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Hypoxia and Iron
... gluconeogenesis, but decreased levels of hepatic pyruvate were observed in hypoxic mice; hepatic lactate did not differ among the groups (Fig. 4C and D). These results suggest that decreased utilization of pyruvate for gluconeogenesis may have been occurring in the liver, so we next investigated the ...
... gluconeogenesis, but decreased levels of hepatic pyruvate were observed in hypoxic mice; hepatic lactate did not differ among the groups (Fig. 4C and D). These results suggest that decreased utilization of pyruvate for gluconeogenesis may have been occurring in the liver, so we next investigated the ...
Sustained nonoxidative glucose utilization and depletion of
... area compared with the control value. The dual carbonlabeled isotopes showed that 57% of the exogenous glucose entering glycolysis was being converted to lactate. Exogenous glucose contributed to >90% of the observed lactate production. This finding was confirmed by the histochemical finding of sust ...
... area compared with the control value. The dual carbonlabeled isotopes showed that 57% of the exogenous glucose entering glycolysis was being converted to lactate. Exogenous glucose contributed to >90% of the observed lactate production. This finding was confirmed by the histochemical finding of sust ...
Production of Poly Hydroxybutyric Acid with B megaterium
... The purpose of experimentation was to determine which carbon source - glucose, glycerol, or maple syrup - caused Bacillus megaterium to produce the most poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) by utilizing a UV spectrophotometer to compare the differing absorbance values of the bacterial byproducts at 235 ...
... The purpose of experimentation was to determine which carbon source - glucose, glycerol, or maple syrup - caused Bacillus megaterium to produce the most poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) by utilizing a UV spectrophotometer to compare the differing absorbance values of the bacterial byproducts at 235 ...
Mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle insulin resistance induced
... expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Schmid et al. [72] demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice submitted to high-fat diet present reduced expression of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, and ATP synthase in skeletal muscle. In addition, other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway have been s ...
... expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Schmid et al. [72] demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice submitted to high-fat diet present reduced expression of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, and ATP synthase in skeletal muscle. In addition, other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway have been s ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.