Learning Targets
... Also known as anaerobic glycolysis—the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
... Also known as anaerobic glycolysis—the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
Exercise Controls Gene Expression
... molecules and released back into circulation to supply the brain. Thus the induction of PDK4 in skeletal muscle during the latter portion of a long exercise bout appears to serve as a natural defense mechanism reflecting priority given to the metabolic needs of the brain. Why then would PDK4 remain ...
... molecules and released back into circulation to supply the brain. Thus the induction of PDK4 in skeletal muscle during the latter portion of a long exercise bout appears to serve as a natural defense mechanism reflecting priority given to the metabolic needs of the brain. Why then would PDK4 remain ...
Chapter 9
... Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction ...
... Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction ...
18.dogs.cats.2 - Iowa State University: Animal Science Computer
... Vitamins (A, D, niacin) • Most mammals synthesize or convert compounds to active forms of vitamins A, D, and niacin. – Tryptophan conversion to niacin. – Limited vitamin D conversion in skin. – Limited conversion of carotenoid to A. • Very high concentrations of vitamins in liver. ...
... Vitamins (A, D, niacin) • Most mammals synthesize or convert compounds to active forms of vitamins A, D, and niacin. – Tryptophan conversion to niacin. – Limited vitamin D conversion in skin. – Limited conversion of carotenoid to A. • Very high concentrations of vitamins in liver. ...
Lactic acid fermentation
... formed is the source of carbonation in fermented drinks like beer and champagne. The important part of the second step, acetaldehyde to ethanol, is that the energy in NADH is used to drive the reaction, releasing NAD+. For each acetaldehyde, 1 ethanol is made and 1 NAD+ is produced. NAD+ can then be ...
... formed is the source of carbonation in fermented drinks like beer and champagne. The important part of the second step, acetaldehyde to ethanol, is that the energy in NADH is used to drive the reaction, releasing NAD+. For each acetaldehyde, 1 ethanol is made and 1 NAD+ is produced. NAD+ can then be ...
FAT SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION
... reaction that looks a lot like the first step of fatty acid synthesis. However, the elongation reaction is carried out on the fatty acyl-CoA and by an enzyme that is different from fatty acid synthase.4 The inability of animals to put in double bonds at positions farther than 9 carbons from the carb ...
... reaction that looks a lot like the first step of fatty acid synthesis. However, the elongation reaction is carried out on the fatty acyl-CoA and by an enzyme that is different from fatty acid synthase.4 The inability of animals to put in double bonds at positions farther than 9 carbons from the carb ...
chapter 14
... Enumerate the assumptions that we undertake in making the respiratory balance sheet. Are these assumptions valid for a living system? Compare fermentation and aerobic respiration in this context. ...
... Enumerate the assumptions that we undertake in making the respiratory balance sheet. Are these assumptions valid for a living system? Compare fermentation and aerobic respiration in this context. ...
Glycolysis
... • Glycolytic enzymes are soluble and stable in cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
... • Glycolytic enzymes are soluble and stable in cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
Amino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen
... The classification is based on which of the seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism (oxaloacetate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl CoA, and acetoacetate). Glucogenic amino acids catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the TCA cycle intermediates t ...
... The classification is based on which of the seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism (oxaloacetate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl CoA, and acetoacetate). Glucogenic amino acids catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the TCA cycle intermediates t ...
respiration - SchoolRack
... The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP. ...
... The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP. ...
Ch 9 Homework Plan - Dublin City Schools
... o Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the electron transport chain occur o Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis o Identify where sugar oxidation, substrate level phosphorylation, and the reduction of NAD+ occur i ...
... o Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the electron transport chain occur o Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis o Identify where sugar oxidation, substrate level phosphorylation, and the reduction of NAD+ occur i ...
Metabolism Part II: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA), citric acid, or Krebs
... from oxaloacetate and suggested that this pathway was in fact a cycle of reactions that was responsible for the aerobic oxidation of fuel molecules. Concern over whether citric acid (or more accurately the citrate ion) was the first product of this cycle led Krebs to propose calling this sequence of ...
... from oxaloacetate and suggested that this pathway was in fact a cycle of reactions that was responsible for the aerobic oxidation of fuel molecules. Concern over whether citric acid (or more accurately the citrate ion) was the first product of this cycle led Krebs to propose calling this sequence of ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
... e. none of the above answers are correct Question 19. Which of the following components of the respiratory chain diffuses the most rapidly? a. complex I b. complex II c. complex III d. complex IV e. cytochrome c Question 20. The matrix of the mitochondria is ________ relative to the cytosol. The ele ...
... e. none of the above answers are correct Question 19. Which of the following components of the respiratory chain diffuses the most rapidly? a. complex I b. complex II c. complex III d. complex IV e. cytochrome c Question 20. The matrix of the mitochondria is ________ relative to the cytosol. The ele ...
0 13C labeling of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and carbon conversion
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
Document
... New studies suggest that whey may uniquely influence food intake through its effects on cholecystokinin and other pathways. While many studies have shown that protein is the most filling or satiating macronutrient, all proteins may not be equal in this regard. Two human studies conducted at the Univ ...
... New studies suggest that whey may uniquely influence food intake through its effects on cholecystokinin and other pathways. While many studies have shown that protein is the most filling or satiating macronutrient, all proteins may not be equal in this regard. Two human studies conducted at the Univ ...
Notes CH 7 - Haiku Learning
... 1. If oxygen is present after glycolysis, the pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria by active transport 2. Pyruvate is decarboxylated: removal of a carbon atom to form carbon dioxide and 2-C acetyl group ...
... 1. If oxygen is present after glycolysis, the pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria by active transport 2. Pyruvate is decarboxylated: removal of a carbon atom to form carbon dioxide and 2-C acetyl group ...
Cellular Respiration - Cathedral High School
... monosaccharides and then converted to glucose for glycolysis • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummi ...
... monosaccharides and then converted to glucose for glycolysis • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummi ...
Semmelweis University Department of Medical Biochemistry
... metabolism, overview. The pentose phosphate pathway. Pathological aspects. Gluconeogenesis in liver. Cori-cycle. The hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis. Storage and mobilization of carbohydrates. Glycogenesis and glycogen breakdown. Pathological aspects of glycogen metabolism. Regulation of bloo ...
... metabolism, overview. The pentose phosphate pathway. Pathological aspects. Gluconeogenesis in liver. Cori-cycle. The hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis. Storage and mobilization of carbohydrates. Glycogenesis and glycogen breakdown. Pathological aspects of glycogen metabolism. Regulation of bloo ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry 2/e
... 1 CO2 produced in 1 round of the cycle Oxidation of acetyl groups to 2 CO2 requires transfer of 4 pair of electrons ...
... 1 CO2 produced in 1 round of the cycle Oxidation of acetyl groups to 2 CO2 requires transfer of 4 pair of electrons ...
Read more about this
... When glycogen stores are exhausted, it is capable of converting non carbohydrate metabolites such as amino acids and fats into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels. How the liver breaks down fat ...
... When glycogen stores are exhausted, it is capable of converting non carbohydrate metabolites such as amino acids and fats into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels. How the liver breaks down fat ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.