THE METABOLISM OF KETONE BODIES
... • The production of ketone bodies occurs at a relatively low rate during normal feeding and under conditions of normal physiological status. • Normal physiological responses to carbohydrate shortages cause the liver to increase the production of ketone bodies from the acetyl-CoA generated from fatty ...
... • The production of ketone bodies occurs at a relatively low rate during normal feeding and under conditions of normal physiological status. • Normal physiological responses to carbohydrate shortages cause the liver to increase the production of ketone bodies from the acetyl-CoA generated from fatty ...
LB Metabolic Diseases
... • oxaloacetate leaves TCA • No carbon molecule for acetyl CoA to combine with in order to enter TCA ...
... • oxaloacetate leaves TCA • No carbon molecule for acetyl CoA to combine with in order to enter TCA ...
Chapter 1
... after meal when nothing else eaten – Starvation/long-term fast - fully adapted to deprivation (weeks) 2009 Cengage-Wadsworth ...
... after meal when nothing else eaten – Starvation/long-term fast - fully adapted to deprivation (weeks) 2009 Cengage-Wadsworth ...
Liver- integrated lecture
... • Acetyl~CoA is mostly converted to ketone bodies (small amount is oxidized completely) • Ketone bodies and FA are preferred by many tissues over glucose; they can also suppress proteolysis and BCA oxidation in muscle • Cooperation of tissues : liversynthesizes glucose, muscle and gut supply the sub ...
... • Acetyl~CoA is mostly converted to ketone bodies (small amount is oxidized completely) • Ketone bodies and FA are preferred by many tissues over glucose; they can also suppress proteolysis and BCA oxidation in muscle • Cooperation of tissues : liversynthesizes glucose, muscle and gut supply the sub ...
Fate of glucose:
... The brain is the main glucose hog and the reason glucose is so important The brain uses 2/3 of the glucose consumed The rest of your body’s energy reserves are 78% in body fat and 21% in proteins. Diabetes is a problem with insulin so diabetic’s cells can’t uptake and efficiently use glucose so bloo ...
... The brain is the main glucose hog and the reason glucose is so important The brain uses 2/3 of the glucose consumed The rest of your body’s energy reserves are 78% in body fat and 21% in proteins. Diabetes is a problem with insulin so diabetic’s cells can’t uptake and efficiently use glucose so bloo ...
CHAPTERS 23-25
... Cannot be oxidized to produce energy until they pass through the mitochondrial membrane ß-oxidation process - a pathway in which fatty acids are broken down into molecules of acetyl CoA Four reactions are involved in oxidizing the -carbon to a ketone page 743 Net on page 744 ...
... Cannot be oxidized to produce energy until they pass through the mitochondrial membrane ß-oxidation process - a pathway in which fatty acids are broken down into molecules of acetyl CoA Four reactions are involved in oxidizing the -carbon to a ketone page 743 Net on page 744 ...
Energy Production II - University of Massachusetts Amherst
... Not used much by most tissues except after a meal, reserved for the brain and "special" situations At rest: 250 mg glucose/min = 20 min of glucose in blood at any one time. ...
... Not used much by most tissues except after a meal, reserved for the brain and "special" situations At rest: 250 mg glucose/min = 20 min of glucose in blood at any one time. ...
Overview of Fasting
... bodies is important in fasting because they can be used for fuel by most tissues, including brain tissue, once their level in the blood is sufficiently high. This reduces the need for gluconeogenesis from amino acid carbon skeletons, thus preserving essential protein. ...
... bodies is important in fasting because they can be used for fuel by most tissues, including brain tissue, once their level in the blood is sufficiently high. This reduces the need for gluconeogenesis from amino acid carbon skeletons, thus preserving essential protein. ...
SGLT2 Inhibitors
... reliance on FFAs relative to glucose as a metabolic fuel, as in the setting of insulin resistance and diabetes, results in a decrease in cardiac efficiency and an increased propensity for HF ...
... reliance on FFAs relative to glucose as a metabolic fuel, as in the setting of insulin resistance and diabetes, results in a decrease in cardiac efficiency and an increased propensity for HF ...
Document
... • Cortisol restore blood glucose level and increase glycogen stores • Cortisol – Increase adipose tissue fatty acids release from stored TAGs – Increase muscle protein breakdown and export of amino acids – Increase liver gluconeogenesis by stimulating PEP carboxykinase synthesis ...
... • Cortisol restore blood glucose level and increase glycogen stores • Cortisol – Increase adipose tissue fatty acids release from stored TAGs – Increase muscle protein breakdown and export of amino acids – Increase liver gluconeogenesis by stimulating PEP carboxykinase synthesis ...
4. KETONE BODY METABOLISM
... hypoglycemia are common causes of ketosis and their symptoms includes vomiting and lethargy. Hence if patients with such conditions look serious, especially at the first attack, sufficient metabolic tests should be done. Onsets of acetonemic vomiting and ketotic hypoglycemia are usually after the ag ...
... hypoglycemia are common causes of ketosis and their symptoms includes vomiting and lethargy. Hence if patients with such conditions look serious, especially at the first attack, sufficient metabolic tests should be done. Onsets of acetonemic vomiting and ketotic hypoglycemia are usually after the ag ...
25,8 Ketone bodies
... Under certain circumstances,body cells do not have enough glucose even for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell ...
... Under certain circumstances,body cells do not have enough glucose even for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell ...
Prolonged starvation
... Figure 2. Structures of important compounds having high-energy phosphate bonds. ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... Figure 2. Structures of important compounds having high-energy phosphate bonds. ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
Q4 Describe the body`s mechanisms for regulating
... Acts in the liver to stimulate breakdown of stored glycogen deposits to G-‐6-‐P and then glucose Acts in peripheral skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to breakdown peripheral glycogen deposits to pyruvate ...
... Acts in the liver to stimulate breakdown of stored glycogen deposits to G-‐6-‐P and then glucose Acts in peripheral skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to breakdown peripheral glycogen deposits to pyruvate ...
Lecture Slides for Fatty Acid Catabolism
... • Phytanoyl CoA Hydroxylase deficiency • Can also digest phytanic acid by w-oxidation, but only ~10 mg/day • Typical diet contains 50 mg • Builds up in myelin sheath • Also screws up vitamin A metabolism • Demyelinating neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, deafness, anosmia, cranial nerve degeneration ...
... • Phytanoyl CoA Hydroxylase deficiency • Can also digest phytanic acid by w-oxidation, but only ~10 mg/day • Typical diet contains 50 mg • Builds up in myelin sheath • Also screws up vitamin A metabolism • Demyelinating neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, deafness, anosmia, cranial nerve degeneration ...
WEB
... Starvation __ KB Used by brain Extreme starvation Muscle breakdown No insulin _ Blood sugar, AND _ FA breakdown Too much Acetyl CoA __ Ketone bodies ...
... Starvation __ KB Used by brain Extreme starvation Muscle breakdown No insulin _ Blood sugar, AND _ FA breakdown Too much Acetyl CoA __ Ketone bodies ...
Ch7METABOLISM
... A few hours into the fast, most of the cells are depending on fatty acids, except brain, nerve, and red blood cells. Body proteins must always breakdown to some extent during fasting to provide glucose for these cells. However, the body cannot afford to breakdown its own protein at a high rate. ...
... A few hours into the fast, most of the cells are depending on fatty acids, except brain, nerve, and red blood cells. Body proteins must always breakdown to some extent during fasting to provide glucose for these cells. However, the body cannot afford to breakdown its own protein at a high rate. ...
What`s Wrong with Atkins?
... The liver has to work hard to deaminate (remove the ammonia from) every amino acid molecule burned for energy. Following a high-protein meal, the liver is so full of this harsh ammonia that it has to engorge itself with fluid (blood) to dilute it. Slowly, the liver converts the ammonia to urea, a le ...
... The liver has to work hard to deaminate (remove the ammonia from) every amino acid molecule burned for energy. Following a high-protein meal, the liver is so full of this harsh ammonia that it has to engorge itself with fluid (blood) to dilute it. Slowly, the liver converts the ammonia to urea, a le ...
1st exam
... 2)About 90 % of the digestion and absorption of food takes place in the small intestine. 3)Glucose & fructose are absorbed by secondary active transport 4) Glycolysis is the major pathway for utilizing of glucose and is found in all 5)In ETC, Q (Co Q) serves to shuffle electrons from complexes I, II ...
... 2)About 90 % of the digestion and absorption of food takes place in the small intestine. 3)Glucose & fructose are absorbed by secondary active transport 4) Glycolysis is the major pathway for utilizing of glucose and is found in all 5)In ETC, Q (Co Q) serves to shuffle electrons from complexes I, II ...
control of intermediary metabolism
... AEROBIC METABOLISM PYRUVIC ACID (3 C FRAGMENT) ENTERS MITOCHONDRIA COMBINES WITH COENZYME A LOOSING A CO2 AND BECOMING ACETYL COENZYME A (2 C FRAGMENT) THIS FRAGMENT ENTERS A CYCLIC REACTION SCHEME, THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE, ATP IS PRODUCED PRODUCTS OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE ENTER THE ELECTRON ...
... AEROBIC METABOLISM PYRUVIC ACID (3 C FRAGMENT) ENTERS MITOCHONDRIA COMBINES WITH COENZYME A LOOSING A CO2 AND BECOMING ACETYL COENZYME A (2 C FRAGMENT) THIS FRAGMENT ENTERS A CYCLIC REACTION SCHEME, THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE, ATP IS PRODUCED PRODUCTS OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE ENTER THE ELECTRON ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.