Macromolecule PP
... • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds • A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids • Polypeptides range in length from a few to more than a thousand amino acid monomers • Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids, with a carboxyl end (C-terminus) and an amino end (N-terminus) ...
... • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds • A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids • Polypeptides range in length from a few to more than a thousand amino acid monomers • Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids, with a carboxyl end (C-terminus) and an amino end (N-terminus) ...
Oxidation of Glucose
... 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of (α-ketoglutanate dehydrogenase) 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of (malate dehydrogenase) 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of(isocitrate dehydrogenase) *Total energy yield in aerobic phase oxidation(kreb's) : (12ATP)+(3ATP)from oxidative decarboxylation =(15ATP) ...
... 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of (α-ketoglutanate dehydrogenase) 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of (malate dehydrogenase) 3ATPs from oxidation of NADH of(isocitrate dehydrogenase) *Total energy yield in aerobic phase oxidation(kreb's) : (12ATP)+(3ATP)from oxidative decarboxylation =(15ATP) ...
Pectin - manorhousehomeeconomics
... moisture to increase shelf life of cakes, keeps baking powder dry. Dextrinisation – browning e.g.toast. ...
... moisture to increase shelf life of cakes, keeps baking powder dry. Dextrinisation – browning e.g.toast. ...
A2 Physiology Revision Exam Questions
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
Metabolic flexibility and carnitine flux: The role of carnitine
... defined metabolic flexibility as the capacity to switch from predominant lipid oxidation and high rates of fatty acid uptake during fasting conditions to the suppression of lipid oxidation, and increased glucose uptake, oxidation and storage under insulin-stimulation. In contrast, metabolic inflexibili ...
... defined metabolic flexibility as the capacity to switch from predominant lipid oxidation and high rates of fatty acid uptake during fasting conditions to the suppression of lipid oxidation, and increased glucose uptake, oxidation and storage under insulin-stimulation. In contrast, metabolic inflexibili ...
Lipid Metabolism: Power Point presentation
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
Lecture 16- Dr. Kumar
... amputation of the feet or legs, and nerve damage Heart disease, such as hardening of the arteries, heart attack, and angina High blood pressure, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss High cholesterol, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure Obst ...
... amputation of the feet or legs, and nerve damage Heart disease, such as hardening of the arteries, heart attack, and angina High blood pressure, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss High cholesterol, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure Obst ...
H 2 O
... The Warburg Effect • In oncology, the Warburg effect is that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, rather than by a comparatively low rate of glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria like ...
... The Warburg Effect • In oncology, the Warburg effect is that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, rather than by a comparatively low rate of glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria like ...
Chapter 6 ENZYME SUBSTRATE REACTANTS PRODUCTS
... The metabolism of glucose always begins with this series of reactions.glycolysis This is what occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is NOT present. fermentation This is what occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is present.cellular respiration These reactions occur in the cytoplasm.glycolysis and fermentati ...
... The metabolism of glucose always begins with this series of reactions.glycolysis This is what occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is NOT present. fermentation This is what occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is present.cellular respiration These reactions occur in the cytoplasm.glycolysis and fermentati ...
AP Biology Chapter 5 Notes
... You are welcome to write your notes in a notebook as well but this sheet will be due in your binders at the end of each unit. Your book research must say something different then the classroom notes unless boxes are merged. ...
... You are welcome to write your notes in a notebook as well but this sheet will be due in your binders at the end of each unit. Your book research must say something different then the classroom notes unless boxes are merged. ...
Chapter 4
... During prolonged exercise there is a shift from CHO metabolism toward fat metabolism Increased rate of lipolysis – Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) – Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine ...
... During prolonged exercise there is a shift from CHO metabolism toward fat metabolism Increased rate of lipolysis – Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) – Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine ...
Block 1 Unit #3
... a. Glycolysis – dihydroxyacetone is converted to Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate b. Triglyceride synthesis – it is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate which is a precursor for biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissues c. Glycerol phosphate shuttle – it is reduced by NADH, provides a roll in regenera ...
... a. Glycolysis – dihydroxyacetone is converted to Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate b. Triglyceride synthesis – it is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate which is a precursor for biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissues c. Glycerol phosphate shuttle – it is reduced by NADH, provides a roll in regenera ...
protein - Humble ISD
... heating it for about 5 minutes. What does the orange color indicate in the test tube on the left? What is Benedicts tests for the presence of glucose; the orange color is a positive test for glucose? Carbohydrates 500 ...
... heating it for about 5 minutes. What does the orange color indicate in the test tube on the left? What is Benedicts tests for the presence of glucose; the orange color is a positive test for glucose? Carbohydrates 500 ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
CHAPTER 6
... buildup of pyruvate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis • NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate • Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH • Liver provides glucose to muscle for exercise and ...
... buildup of pyruvate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis • NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate • Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH • Liver provides glucose to muscle for exercise and ...
Preview - International Institute of Naturopathy
... unsaturated actually mean? Whether a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated depends on its chemical configuration: Fatty acids are organic acids. “Organic” here means that the respective substance is a carbon compound. Fatty acids are thus chains of carbon atoms connected to each other, usually depi ...
... unsaturated actually mean? Whether a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated depends on its chemical configuration: Fatty acids are organic acids. “Organic” here means that the respective substance is a carbon compound. Fatty acids are thus chains of carbon atoms connected to each other, usually depi ...
Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle - BYU
... easily absorbed and converted back to pyruvate by other cells of the body. Lactate does not last long in the blood and it is not something that courses through us like a poison causing all kinds of trouble. You might be asking why this conversion of pyruvate to lactate is even necessary. Remember th ...
... easily absorbed and converted back to pyruvate by other cells of the body. Lactate does not last long in the blood and it is not something that courses through us like a poison causing all kinds of trouble. You might be asking why this conversion of pyruvate to lactate is even necessary. Remember th ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... by the body. Hydrolysis is the main reaction involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. The _-amylase is produced by the salivary glands to begin the hydrolysis of the _-glycosidic bonds in the polysaccharide amylose. The hydrolysis of the smaller sections of amylose (dextrins) continues in the sma ...
... by the body. Hydrolysis is the main reaction involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. The _-amylase is produced by the salivary glands to begin the hydrolysis of the _-glycosidic bonds in the polysaccharide amylose. The hydrolysis of the smaller sections of amylose (dextrins) continues in the sma ...
Grapefruit Diet
... • Reduce risk of diabetes • Enzymes in grapefruit help to reduce insulin levels and weight loss ...
... • Reduce risk of diabetes • Enzymes in grapefruit help to reduce insulin levels and weight loss ...
Lecture 4 - Muscle Metabolism
... • Important for the first 30 – 40 sec. of strenuous activity if enzymes and fuel are available • Stored ATP, CP and glycolysis can support strenuous muscle activity for 60 sec. • At full speed lactic acid accumulates, lowering pH which halts reaction • At full speed, glucose might not be supplied fa ...
... • Important for the first 30 – 40 sec. of strenuous activity if enzymes and fuel are available • Stored ATP, CP and glycolysis can support strenuous muscle activity for 60 sec. • At full speed lactic acid accumulates, lowering pH which halts reaction • At full speed, glucose might not be supplied fa ...
Gastro43-PhysiologyoftheLiver
... liver is important in maintaining blood lipid levels Dr. Gwirtz said you don’t have to specific pathways but know the general idea, such as Acetyl CoA can be used to make cholesterol that can be stored in the liver or secreted through bile acids Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Indispensable in ...
... liver is important in maintaining blood lipid levels Dr. Gwirtz said you don’t have to specific pathways but know the general idea, such as Acetyl CoA can be used to make cholesterol that can be stored in the liver or secreted through bile acids Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Indispensable in ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism - Weber State University
... The presence of both glucose and ketone bodies in the urine are a strong indication of diabetes. Lack of sufficient insulin results in high blood sugar levels that spill glucose into the urine. Since cells are not stimulated to absorb glucose so they must resort to fatty acid oxidation. Low levels o ...
... The presence of both glucose and ketone bodies in the urine are a strong indication of diabetes. Lack of sufficient insulin results in high blood sugar levels that spill glucose into the urine. Since cells are not stimulated to absorb glucose so they must resort to fatty acid oxidation. Low levels o ...
PPT - CBE Project Server
... c) Fats and other Lipids o More properly called triglycerides, fats and lipids provide important functions in the body o Energy storage/reservoir o Cushioning of vital organs o Insulation o Steroids o Phospholipids ...
... c) Fats and other Lipids o More properly called triglycerides, fats and lipids provide important functions in the body o Energy storage/reservoir o Cushioning of vital organs o Insulation o Steroids o Phospholipids ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.