Fitness “kinematics”: biological function, altruism, and organism
... fitness as well. For example, Sober and Wilson say that “A behavior is altruistic when it increases the fitness of others and decreases the fitness of the actor” (Sober and Wilson, 1998, p. 17). Thus when an animal warns others of an approaching predator, it might sometimes decrease its fitness by d ...
... fitness as well. For example, Sober and Wilson say that “A behavior is altruistic when it increases the fitness of others and decreases the fitness of the actor” (Sober and Wilson, 1998, p. 17). Thus when an animal warns others of an approaching predator, it might sometimes decrease its fitness by d ...
Bully for Brontosaurus - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... Snails of the genus Partula are noted for the diversity of their shape and coloring, with each species living in a small and distinct geographical area. They live on fungus that grows on rotting vegetation, and leave plants, including cultivated crops, alone. Unfortunately, the large African land s ...
... Snails of the genus Partula are noted for the diversity of their shape and coloring, with each species living in a small and distinct geographical area. They live on fungus that grows on rotting vegetation, and leave plants, including cultivated crops, alone. Unfortunately, the large African land s ...
Darwin Conspiracy - Answers in Genesis
... from natural selection has led to the occurrence of more variation among tree offspring than in nature. Matthew noted that protection from selection can lead to the establishment of very different varieties, while Darwin merely noted that release from selection leads to wider variation among individ ...
... from natural selection has led to the occurrence of more variation among tree offspring than in nature. Matthew noted that protection from selection can lead to the establishment of very different varieties, while Darwin merely noted that release from selection leads to wider variation among individ ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... Breden and Wade 1991; Wolf et al. 1999), and constrain or facilitate further reproduction by relatives (Waser et al. 1986; Duthie and Reid 2015). The “social pair” therefore constitutes one fundamental unit of social and genetic structure that arises through pre-copulatory mate choice, and the degre ...
... Breden and Wade 1991; Wolf et al. 1999), and constrain or facilitate further reproduction by relatives (Waser et al. 1986; Duthie and Reid 2015). The “social pair” therefore constitutes one fundamental unit of social and genetic structure that arises through pre-copulatory mate choice, and the degre ...
Forces that influence the evolution of codon bias
... U-ending codon. To determine the frequency of optimal codons in genes potentially under strong selection, we examined a standard set of 40 highly expressed genes (encoding translation elongation factors and ribosomal proteins) found in all bacterial species; these genes encode proteins with around 1 ...
... U-ending codon. To determine the frequency of optimal codons in genes potentially under strong selection, we examined a standard set of 40 highly expressed genes (encoding translation elongation factors and ribosomal proteins) found in all bacterial species; these genes encode proteins with around 1 ...
Chapter 15: Evolution
... Overpopulation • Within a population, there are more offspring produced in each generation than can possibly survive SACCONE IS THE COOLEST ...
... Overpopulation • Within a population, there are more offspring produced in each generation than can possibly survive SACCONE IS THE COOLEST ...
Geographic Mode of Speciation and Genomic Divergence
... building up favorable combinations of locally adapted genes and migration and recombination breaking them down and homogenizing populations (Felsenstein 1976, 1981; Gavrilets 2004). Hence, genomic features that reduce recombination between populations (e.g., chromosomal inversions, translocations or ...
... building up favorable combinations of locally adapted genes and migration and recombination breaking them down and homogenizing populations (Felsenstein 1976, 1981; Gavrilets 2004). Hence, genomic features that reduce recombination between populations (e.g., chromosomal inversions, translocations or ...
Niche Inheritance
... explanatory reference device. The standard theory seeks to explain the internal properties of organisms, their adaptations, exclusively in terms of properties of their external environments, natural selection pressures (Figure 1a). The principal point the standard theory obscures is that organisms a ...
... explanatory reference device. The standard theory seeks to explain the internal properties of organisms, their adaptations, exclusively in terms of properties of their external environments, natural selection pressures (Figure 1a). The principal point the standard theory obscures is that organisms a ...
Reprint
... that shape life-history evolution. Rather, much of this theory has treated predation as another source of density-independent mortality on the prey species, and thus has neglected possible indirect feedbacks between the population dynamics of predators and prey as well as the prey and its resources ...
... that shape life-history evolution. Rather, much of this theory has treated predation as another source of density-independent mortality on the prey species, and thus has neglected possible indirect feedbacks between the population dynamics of predators and prey as well as the prey and its resources ...
Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms:Trends and Challenges
... parameters. However, some authors used a different name for the same technique, e.g. [78] used the term “meta-evolution” for self-adaptation, and some others used the same name for a different technique, e.g.[58] used the term self-adaptation to denote an adaptation mechanism that did not encode par ...
... parameters. However, some authors used a different name for the same technique, e.g. [78] used the term “meta-evolution” for self-adaptation, and some others used the same name for a different technique, e.g.[58] used the term self-adaptation to denote an adaptation mechanism that did not encode par ...
a case study of Charles Darwin`s way of knowing
... brand him, and by association, his family as non-believers, they trusted each other. In fact, if Darwin had published his explanations of evolution in an earlier century, he may well have been called a heretic, and subject to the Inquisition. To advance his ideas on evolution it seemed he must wage ...
... brand him, and by association, his family as non-believers, they trusted each other. In fact, if Darwin had published his explanations of evolution in an earlier century, he may well have been called a heretic, and subject to the Inquisition. To advance his ideas on evolution it seemed he must wage ...
Ricklefs, R. E
... organism. Thus, different life histories might engage different mechanisms to influence life span, in which case results for one type of organism might not be generalizable. We should ask whether D. melanogaster and C. elegans, for example, are suitable models for understanding human ageing. Althoug ...
... organism. Thus, different life histories might engage different mechanisms to influence life span, in which case results for one type of organism might not be generalizable. We should ask whether D. melanogaster and C. elegans, for example, are suitable models for understanding human ageing. Althoug ...
Evolution and development of shape: integrating
... (see the figure; part a shows an actinomorphic flower and part b shows a zygomorphic flower). Even greater morphological variation can be found in domesticated species, such as pigeons100 or dogs17,20. In dogs, the amount of cranial shape variation has been shown to be comparable to that across the ...
... (see the figure; part a shows an actinomorphic flower and part b shows a zygomorphic flower). Even greater morphological variation can be found in domesticated species, such as pigeons100 or dogs17,20. In dogs, the amount of cranial shape variation has been shown to be comparable to that across the ...
genetics and the fitness of hybrids
... alleles with those in any other lineage. Hybridization then produces a vast array of recombinant genotypes that have never before been subjected to selection. On average, these genotypes will be less well adapted than their parents, giving rise to some level of selection against hybrids. Hybrid brea ...
... alleles with those in any other lineage. Hybridization then produces a vast array of recombinant genotypes that have never before been subjected to selection. On average, these genotypes will be less well adapted than their parents, giving rise to some level of selection against hybrids. Hybrid brea ...
physiological differentiation of vertebrate
... Many life history traits (e.g. fecundity, reproductive effort, growth rate, body size) are closely tied to physiology. However, we include only a few examples here, because variation in life history traits is reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g. 27, 33, 82, 107, 118, 186, 200, 218, 226, 235, 253-255 ...
... Many life history traits (e.g. fecundity, reproductive effort, growth rate, body size) are closely tied to physiology. However, we include only a few examples here, because variation in life history traits is reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g. 27, 33, 82, 107, 118, 186, 200, 218, 226, 235, 253-255 ...
Ever Since Darwin - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s Essays
... Bethell takes issue with. Mindless nature weeding out the unfit is not the same, he argues, as conscious humans allowing individuals with certain desirable features to reproduce – and even if it were, more than a rhetorical claim of analogy would be required to prove it. The underlying importance of ...
... Bethell takes issue with. Mindless nature weeding out the unfit is not the same, he argues, as conscious humans allowing individuals with certain desirable features to reproduce – and even if it were, more than a rhetorical claim of analogy would be required to prove it. The underlying importance of ...
evolutionary genetics of resistance and tolerance to natural
... mutually exclusive characters in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that these traits are complex characters related to a variety of size, phenological, and architectural traits. Although selection was not actively maintaining either trait in our study, a simple model suggests that selection is likely to act ...
... mutually exclusive characters in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that these traits are complex characters related to a variety of size, phenological, and architectural traits. Although selection was not actively maintaining either trait in our study, a simple model suggests that selection is likely to act ...
The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity
... modelling complex systems: information theory, general systems theory, cybernetics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, catastrophe theory, deterministic chaos, complex adaptive systems, etc. These have led to the awareness that complexity is a much more important aspect of the world than classical, redu ...
... modelling complex systems: information theory, general systems theory, cybernetics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, catastrophe theory, deterministic chaos, complex adaptive systems, etc. These have led to the awareness that complexity is a much more important aspect of the world than classical, redu ...
evolution - Teacher Pages: Teacher Pages
... What is the best explanation for the differences between the structures? a. The structures have changed to serve the same function in different organisms. b. The structures adapted to different purposes through descent with modification. c. The structures each evolved separately from different orig ...
... What is the best explanation for the differences between the structures? a. The structures have changed to serve the same function in different organisms. b. The structures adapted to different purposes through descent with modification. c. The structures each evolved separately from different orig ...
The Evolution of Aging Theories: Why Modern
... following the age at which a species can complete an initial reproduction. We can summarize this idea by saying that there is clearly no evolutionary benefit from an organism possessing the internal capability for living and reproducing beyond the species-specific age at which essentially all the me ...
... following the age at which a species can complete an initial reproduction. We can summarize this idea by saying that there is clearly no evolutionary benefit from an organism possessing the internal capability for living and reproducing beyond the species-specific age at which essentially all the me ...
The existence of species rests on a metastable
... written about “The Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin, a very large proportion underlines the fact that, despite the title of his book, what Darwin established 150 years ago was the mechanism of adaptive evolution by the process of natural selection, but that he failed to provide answers to the ma ...
... written about “The Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin, a very large proportion underlines the fact that, despite the title of his book, what Darwin established 150 years ago was the mechanism of adaptive evolution by the process of natural selection, but that he failed to provide answers to the ma ...
DARWINISM AND LAMARCKISM BEFORE AND AFTER WEISMANN
... effects of use and disuse. The evidential climate of the time allowed and encouraged compatibility of Darwin’s account and elements of Lamarck’s account. When the two programs once again became distinct, it was not a result of their inherent incompatibility, but a result of the presentation of divis ...
... effects of use and disuse. The evidential climate of the time allowed and encouraged compatibility of Darwin’s account and elements of Lamarck’s account. When the two programs once again became distinct, it was not a result of their inherent incompatibility, but a result of the presentation of divis ...
Darwinian Theological Insights: Toward an Intellectually Fulfilled
... motion]—In the same manner God orders each animal with certain form in certain country [progressive creation]. But how much more simple & sublime power [to] let attraction act according to certain law; such are inevitable consequences; let animals be created, then by the fixed laws of generation.30 ...
... motion]—In the same manner God orders each animal with certain form in certain country [progressive creation]. But how much more simple & sublime power [to] let attraction act according to certain law; such are inevitable consequences; let animals be created, then by the fixed laws of generation.30 ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For example, genetic accommodation can occur via selection on the population mean of a trait, following a plastic respo ...
... of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For example, genetic accommodation can occur via selection on the population mean of a trait, following a plastic respo ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For example, genetic accommodation can occur via selection on the population mean of a trait, following a plastic respo ...
... of processes over different timescales; developmental plasticity over a single organismal lifetime, and the evolution of plasticity and evolutionary repercussions over generations. For example, genetic accommodation can occur via selection on the population mean of a trait, following a plastic respo ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.