Robustness and Evolvability
... canalization is the extent to which phenotypes remain constant in the face of specified environmental and/or genetic perturbations. Decanalization is the breakdown of this robustness by a large perturbation, leading to a sudden increase in phenotypic variation. Capacitor: analogous to electrical cap ...
... canalization is the extent to which phenotypes remain constant in the face of specified environmental and/or genetic perturbations. Decanalization is the breakdown of this robustness by a large perturbation, leading to a sudden increase in phenotypic variation. Capacitor: analogous to electrical cap ...
Charles Darwin: A Christian Undermining Christianity?
... Aristotelian causa finalis and causa formalis. ...
... Aristotelian causa finalis and causa formalis. ...
Evolution, genes, and inter-disciplinary personality research
... additive genetic variance (VA), while VNA is largely robust against selection. (On a side note, Lee is right that this is an extrapolation from Fisher’s fundamental theorem, but a widespread one that is correct under many conditions, e.g. Roff, 1997.) Nor does Keller provide a theoretical counter-ar ...
... additive genetic variance (VA), while VNA is largely robust against selection. (On a side note, Lee is right that this is an extrapolation from Fisher’s fundamental theorem, but a widespread one that is correct under many conditions, e.g. Roff, 1997.) Nor does Keller provide a theoretical counter-ar ...
Evolution Exam
... 6. The book Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell described how changes in land formations can cause species to evolve. ...
... 6. The book Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell described how changes in land formations can cause species to evolve. ...
Speciation genetics: current status and evolving approaches
... splitting process await to be answered. Which genetic elements are of particular relevance to speciation? How many loci are involved, how large is the effect of a specific locus and how important is epistasis or pleiotropy? Where in the genome are the determinants located and what is the importance ...
... splitting process await to be answered. Which genetic elements are of particular relevance to speciation? How many loci are involved, how large is the effect of a specific locus and how important is epistasis or pleiotropy? Where in the genome are the determinants located and what is the importance ...
evolution
... Mutation occurs too rarely to be the direct cause of allele frequency change. Mutations occur at rates of 10–4 to 10–6 new mutations per gene per generation. In each generation, one mutation would occur in every 10,000 to 1,000,000 copies of a gene. At these rates, in one generation, mutation c ...
... Mutation occurs too rarely to be the direct cause of allele frequency change. Mutations occur at rates of 10–4 to 10–6 new mutations per gene per generation. In each generation, one mutation would occur in every 10,000 to 1,000,000 copies of a gene. At these rates, in one generation, mutation c ...
Speciation genetics - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... seriously considered (Dobzhansky 1937; Mayr 1942). This fusion put a premium on a population genetic viewpoint and hence allowed examining the speciation process from a genic perspective. By explicit modelling, the Modern Synthesis and influential derivates such as the Neutral and Nearly Neutral The ...
... seriously considered (Dobzhansky 1937; Mayr 1942). This fusion put a premium on a population genetic viewpoint and hence allowed examining the speciation process from a genic perspective. By explicit modelling, the Modern Synthesis and influential derivates such as the Neutral and Nearly Neutral The ...
An Evaluation of Supplementary Biology and Evolution Curricular
... Biology (c) (7) (C) analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals; Biology (c) (7) (D) analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and ...
... Biology (c) (7) (C) analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals; Biology (c) (7) (D) analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and ...
Genomics of local adaptation with gene flow
... also refer to the heritable ability or propensity to disperse (sensu Billiard & Lenormand 2005). A more appropriate term to use for ‘migration’ as we mean it in this review would be ‘dispersal’, as the ecological meaning of ‘migration’ is the seasonal movement of animals from one location to another ...
... also refer to the heritable ability or propensity to disperse (sensu Billiard & Lenormand 2005). A more appropriate term to use for ‘migration’ as we mean it in this review would be ‘dispersal’, as the ecological meaning of ‘migration’ is the seasonal movement of animals from one location to another ...
Plasticity and evolution in correlated suites of traits
... Moreover, rearing with predators increased overall correlations among behaviours in low-predation fish, but decreased overall correlations in high-predation fish (Fig. 1 and Fig. S3). In general, behaviours in the mating and aggression assays were more strongly correlated with one another than with ...
... Moreover, rearing with predators increased overall correlations among behaviours in low-predation fish, but decreased overall correlations in high-predation fish (Fig. 1 and Fig. S3). In general, behaviours in the mating and aggression assays were more strongly correlated with one another than with ...
THE ROLE OF METAPHOR IN THE DARWIN DEBATES: NATURAL
... Chesterton, and Charles Spurgeon, reveals two categories of counter-metaphors used to defend natural theology: metaphors of awe and wonder associated with nature, and metaphors of sin and destruction associated with evolution. The language of the counter-metaphors reveals the thinking of nineteenth ...
... Chesterton, and Charles Spurgeon, reveals two categories of counter-metaphors used to defend natural theology: metaphors of awe and wonder associated with nature, and metaphors of sin and destruction associated with evolution. The language of the counter-metaphors reveals the thinking of nineteenth ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
... Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution The essence of Darwin's theory of natural selection is differential success in reproduction Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support Organisms vary in many characteristics that can be inherited Excessive ...
... Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution The essence of Darwin's theory of natural selection is differential success in reproduction Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support Organisms vary in many characteristics that can be inherited Excessive ...
Chapter 16 - Sonoma Valley High School
... • Relate the biological species concept to the modern definition of species. • Explain how the isolation of populations can lead to speciation. • Compare two kinds of isolation and the pattern of speciation associated with each. • Contrast the model of punctuated equilibrium with the model of gradua ...
... • Relate the biological species concept to the modern definition of species. • Explain how the isolation of populations can lead to speciation. • Compare two kinds of isolation and the pattern of speciation associated with each. • Contrast the model of punctuated equilibrium with the model of gradua ...
- Philsci-Archive
... sake of argument, there really are two distinct processes in nature. To argue they constitute the referents of selection and drift, however, it must be further shown how these processes generate these evolutionary behaviors as quantitatively characterized in population genetics. On this regard Matth ...
... sake of argument, there really are two distinct processes in nature. To argue they constitute the referents of selection and drift, however, it must be further shown how these processes generate these evolutionary behaviors as quantitatively characterized in population genetics. On this regard Matth ...
Ch. 2 OLC questions
... 3. Artificial selection is different from natural selection because— a. artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes b. artificial selection does not require genetic variation c. natural selection cannot produce new species d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce ba ...
... 3. Artificial selection is different from natural selection because— a. artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes b. artificial selection does not require genetic variation c. natural selection cannot produce new species d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce ba ...
1. In Darwin`s finches— a. occurrence of wet and dry years
... 3. Artificial selection is different from natural selection because— a. artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes b. artificial selection does not require genetic variation c. natural selection cannot produce new species d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce ba ...
... 3. Artificial selection is different from natural selection because— a. artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes b. artificial selection does not require genetic variation c. natural selection cannot produce new species d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce ba ...
Philosophy of Science, 69 (September 2002) pp
... Principle: combining differentiated sub-populations into a single large panmictic population will always result in a loss of variance. Now things look a little different! Particulate genes prevent the infinite divisibility of qualities suggested by blending inheritance, thus leading to an equilibriu ...
... Principle: combining differentiated sub-populations into a single large panmictic population will always result in a loss of variance. Now things look a little different! Particulate genes prevent the infinite divisibility of qualities suggested by blending inheritance, thus leading to an equilibriu ...
The genetic architecture of insect courtship behavior and
... suggested that up to 21% of the genome may be involved in the mating speed of Drosophila. Considered together with the studies in Table 1, this evaluation of the genetic basis of traits involved in premating isolation indicates that large effects of few loci underlie variation in over two-thirds of ...
... suggested that up to 21% of the genome may be involved in the mating speed of Drosophila. Considered together with the studies in Table 1, this evaluation of the genetic basis of traits involved in premating isolation indicates that large effects of few loci underlie variation in over two-thirds of ...
genetic differentiation by sexual conflict
... for only a single locus per sex (e.g., Gavrilets and Waxman 2002; Haygood 2004), yet the number of loci involved in reproductive interaction can be large (Ritchie and Phillips 1998) and the number of loci can strongly affect the likelihood of sympatric speciation (Arnegard and Kondrashov 2004; Gavri ...
... for only a single locus per sex (e.g., Gavrilets and Waxman 2002; Haygood 2004), yet the number of loci involved in reproductive interaction can be large (Ritchie and Phillips 1998) and the number of loci can strongly affect the likelihood of sympatric speciation (Arnegard and Kondrashov 2004; Gavri ...
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought
... determined to show him wrong, set out deliberately to find the cause of evolutionary change, the biological equivalent of Newton’s law of gravitational attraction. The key insight leading to the discovery of the mechanism of natural selection, the systematic differential reproduction of organisms br ...
... determined to show him wrong, set out deliberately to find the cause of evolutionary change, the biological equivalent of Newton’s law of gravitational attraction. The key insight leading to the discovery of the mechanism of natural selection, the systematic differential reproduction of organisms br ...
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
... In 1837, a year after the return of H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin started to formulate his thoughts on the idea of evolution. In March, he was told by the ornithologist John Gould that the finches found on seven islands of Galapagos differed from one another on a specific level. At this point, Darwin was fi ...
... In 1837, a year after the return of H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin started to formulate his thoughts on the idea of evolution. In March, he was told by the ornithologist John Gould that the finches found on seven islands of Galapagos differed from one another on a specific level. At this point, Darwin was fi ...
Evolution - York University
... • It was first in Darwin’s theory of evolution that the general public (and even the scientific public) became aware that no scientific theories are ever “proven” in the sense of logically certain, but are nevertheless accepted because their explanations are so much better than any alternatives. • B ...
... • It was first in Darwin’s theory of evolution that the general public (and even the scientific public) became aware that no scientific theories are ever “proven” in the sense of logically certain, but are nevertheless accepted because their explanations are so much better than any alternatives. • B ...
EVOLUTION EXPERIMENTS WITH MICROORGANISMS: THE DYNAMICS AND GENETIC BASES OF ADAPTATION
... size32 in E. coli) change with a step-like dynamic. Each step probably corresponds to the spread of a beneficial mutation13,33. The step-like aspect occurs because any new beneficial mutation must increase from a low initial frequency; during its ascendancy, it has little effect on mean fitness unti ...
... size32 in E. coli) change with a step-like dynamic. Each step probably corresponds to the spread of a beneficial mutation13,33. The step-like aspect occurs because any new beneficial mutation must increase from a low initial frequency; during its ascendancy, it has little effect on mean fitness unti ...
Darwin and His Pigeons. The Analogy Between Artificial and Natural
... respect, he felt, and this explained why some of the breeds he had improved tended to grow weak over time. In Sebright’s view it was inbreeding that was responsible for the tendency of domestic varieties to degenerate. Therefore constant culling of animals with defects was needed, and even then an o ...
... respect, he felt, and this explained why some of the breeds he had improved tended to grow weak over time. In Sebright’s view it was inbreeding that was responsible for the tendency of domestic varieties to degenerate. Therefore constant culling of animals with defects was needed, and even then an o ...
Huxley`s defence of Darwin
... fossil record, on the relations between existing species, or on an allegedly universal pattern of embryological development. He acknowledged that there are a few correspondences between the embryonic conditions of certain animals and the adult condition of others, b u t maintained that these corresp ...
... fossil record, on the relations between existing species, or on an allegedly universal pattern of embryological development. He acknowledged that there are a few correspondences between the embryonic conditions of certain animals and the adult condition of others, b u t maintained that these corresp ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.