The impact of translocations on neutral and functional genetic
... all the variation within this exon, and it is possible that some additional polymorphism exists (e.g. Llaurens et al. 2012). However, the amplicon includes all the codons of the peptide-binding region where we expect most variation to be found (Hughes & Yeager 1998). Further, to minimize the effect ...
... all the variation within this exon, and it is possible that some additional polymorphism exists (e.g. Llaurens et al. 2012). However, the amplicon includes all the codons of the peptide-binding region where we expect most variation to be found (Hughes & Yeager 1998). Further, to minimize the effect ...
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AND LOCAL ADAPTATION
... 1999). Viability selection is followed by mating, which may be assortative. Mated females disperse and then lay their eggs. Generations are nonoverlapping. The viabilities of the three genotypes depend on the ecological zone in which a deme lies. We allowed there to be one, two, or three zones, and ...
... 1999). Viability selection is followed by mating, which may be assortative. Mated females disperse and then lay their eggs. Generations are nonoverlapping. The viabilities of the three genotypes depend on the ecological zone in which a deme lies. We allowed there to be one, two, or three zones, and ...
Sympatric Speciation
... Caterpillars feed on oak trees. They vary in morphology, depending on time of hatching: • Spring hatching: Caterpillars feed on catkins, which they resemble, the catkin morphs. • Summer hatching: Caterpillars feed on oak leaves and mimic twigs, the twig morphs. The difference in morphology is trigge ...
... Caterpillars feed on oak trees. They vary in morphology, depending on time of hatching: • Spring hatching: Caterpillars feed on catkins, which they resemble, the catkin morphs. • Summer hatching: Caterpillars feed on oak leaves and mimic twigs, the twig morphs. The difference in morphology is trigge ...
Experimental evolution of multicellularity
... increases in biological complexity. All known multicellular organisms evolved from single-celled ancestors, most notably in the animals, land plants, and fungi. Take a moment to imagine the world without multicellular organisms. The most vibrant tropical rainforest would be reduced to little more th ...
... increases in biological complexity. All known multicellular organisms evolved from single-celled ancestors, most notably in the animals, land plants, and fungi. Take a moment to imagine the world without multicellular organisms. The most vibrant tropical rainforest would be reduced to little more th ...
Myth: That Darwin and Haeckel were Complicit in Nazi Biology
... what their sphere”; and materials by individuals advocating “the superficial scientific enlightenment of a primitive Darwinism and monism,” such as Ernst Haeckel. 25 Nazi biology formulated theories of racial degeneracy and executed a horrendous eugenic prophylaxis. But these racial notions and crim ...
... what their sphere”; and materials by individuals advocating “the superficial scientific enlightenment of a primitive Darwinism and monism,” such as Ernst Haeckel. 25 Nazi biology formulated theories of racial degeneracy and executed a horrendous eugenic prophylaxis. But these racial notions and crim ...
Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness Roberta L. Millstein
... of identical twins are standing together in a forest; one is struck by lightning before reproducing while the other emerges unscathed and is later able to reproduce successfully.8 The actualist definition of fitness would have us say that the second twin is far fitter than the first, since the actua ...
... of identical twins are standing together in a forest; one is struck by lightning before reproducing while the other emerges unscathed and is later able to reproduce successfully.8 The actualist definition of fitness would have us say that the second twin is far fitter than the first, since the actua ...
Darwin and Derrida
... Derrida exhaustively shows how Western metaphysics has always depended upon the banishment of monstrous writing, “wanting to fix and remove it from the living history of natural language,” but Derrida regenerates writing, resurrects it from the land of the undead beyond living history as an agent of ...
... Derrida exhaustively shows how Western metaphysics has always depended upon the banishment of monstrous writing, “wanting to fix and remove it from the living history of natural language,” but Derrida regenerates writing, resurrects it from the land of the undead beyond living history as an agent of ...
q 2 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... • The population has an infinite number of individuals • Individuals mate at random • No new mutations appear • No migration into or out of the population • Genotypes have no effect on ability to survive and transmit alleles to the next generation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permissi ...
... • The population has an infinite number of individuals • Individuals mate at random • No new mutations appear • No migration into or out of the population • Genotypes have no effect on ability to survive and transmit alleles to the next generation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permissi ...
Unit VIII - S2TEM Centers SC
... The Populus software contains a set of simulations that are used to teach population biology and evolutionary ecology at the University of Minnesota. Faculty and students at your school may download Populus and use it gratis for non-profit instructional purposes. ...
... The Populus software contains a set of simulations that are used to teach population biology and evolutionary ecology at the University of Minnesota. Faculty and students at your school may download Populus and use it gratis for non-profit instructional purposes. ...
Publication Appendices
... Charles Darwin is famous for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He observed that finches living on different Galapagos Islands had different beaks. He also observed that the environment on different islands was quite different. Darwin developed a hypothesis that the finches had all been the m ...
... Charles Darwin is famous for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He observed that finches living on different Galapagos Islands had different beaks. He also observed that the environment on different islands was quite different. Darwin developed a hypothesis that the finches had all been the m ...
What Makes Biology Unique?
... problem, the nature of selection, the use of reduction, and several others. It is necessary to obtain clarity on these problems before one can deal with the problem of the status of biology compared with various physical sciences. Any uncertainty about some minor problem may be used by some opponent ...
... problem, the nature of selection, the use of reduction, and several others. It is necessary to obtain clarity on these problems before one can deal with the problem of the status of biology compared with various physical sciences. Any uncertainty about some minor problem may be used by some opponent ...
Celebrating Darwin`s Errors1
... Darwin to discover natural selection—and blinkered him from seeing its limits clearly. So: Darwin was wrong, even about some important things: sources of variation, the role of gradualism, the relevance of racial hierarchies, and the extent of competition. Of course, none of this need tarnish our im ...
... Darwin to discover natural selection—and blinkered him from seeing its limits clearly. So: Darwin was wrong, even about some important things: sources of variation, the role of gradualism, the relevance of racial hierarchies, and the extent of competition. Of course, none of this need tarnish our im ...
PDF file - Department of Biology
... numerous environmental factors, including both abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. social interactions). Environmental factors can influence development by acting at any time after formation of the zygote, or in some cases even before (e.g. maternal effects acting on the unfertilized egg). M ...
... numerous environmental factors, including both abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. social interactions). Environmental factors can influence development by acting at any time after formation of the zygote, or in some cases even before (e.g. maternal effects acting on the unfertilized egg). M ...
Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
... numerous environmental factors, including both abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. social interactions). Environmental factors can influence development by acting at any time after formation of the zygote, or in some cases even before (e.g. maternal effects acting on the unfertilized egg). M ...
... numerous environmental factors, including both abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. social interactions). Environmental factors can influence development by acting at any time after formation of the zygote, or in some cases even before (e.g. maternal effects acting on the unfertilized egg). M ...
Current hypotheses for the evolution of sex and recombination
... 1966), this is where selection acting on 1 locus interferes with selection acting at a second, linked locus in a finite population. Recombination breaks apart such interference and improves the response to selection. The classic theories related to this broad idea are the Fisher–Muller hypothesis (F ...
... 1966), this is where selection acting on 1 locus interferes with selection acting at a second, linked locus in a finite population. Recombination breaks apart such interference and improves the response to selection. The classic theories related to this broad idea are the Fisher–Muller hypothesis (F ...
author`s proof!
... had largely false beliefs about their world, then they would fail to navigate their world successfully, and hence they would be unlikely to survive and reproduce. Competing organisms, who hold mostly true beliefs about their environment, will have a selective advantage over those who hold false beli ...
... had largely false beliefs about their world, then they would fail to navigate their world successfully, and hence they would be unlikely to survive and reproduce. Competing organisms, who hold mostly true beliefs about their environment, will have a selective advantage over those who hold false beli ...
Thomas Hunt Morgan - University of Calgary
... confusion between “dominant” and “frequent” when referring to alleles, and the perception that genetic ratios are determinate, not probabilistic (Collins & Stewart, 1989). Understanding the concepts of mitosis and meiosis, the application of probability to reproduction, and the relationship between ...
... confusion between “dominant” and “frequent” when referring to alleles, and the perception that genetic ratios are determinate, not probabilistic (Collins & Stewart, 1989). Understanding the concepts of mitosis and meiosis, the application of probability to reproduction, and the relationship between ...
Document
... Once speciation is complete, populations accumulate differences due to mutation and genetic drift as well as ongoing selection. Reproductively isolated species, therefore, often differ in traits that evolved under ecological selection and others that evolved under sexual selection, and may also have ...
... Once speciation is complete, populations accumulate differences due to mutation and genetic drift as well as ongoing selection. Reproductively isolated species, therefore, often differ in traits that evolved under ecological selection and others that evolved under sexual selection, and may also have ...
Fig. 22-12 - Kirchner-WHS
... • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time • If an environment changes, natural selection may result in adaptations to these new conditions ...
... • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time • If an environment changes, natural selection may result in adaptations to these new conditions ...
Genomics and the origin of species
... Patterns of genomic divergence Several methods can be used to investigate genome-wide divergence along the ‘speciation continuum’. These methods include genome scans using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays78, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)72,77 or related genotyping-b ...
... Patterns of genomic divergence Several methods can be used to investigate genome-wide divergence along the ‘speciation continuum’. These methods include genome scans using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays78, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)72,77 or related genotyping-b ...
Is There a Genetic Paradox of Biological Invasion?
... developing sound long-term approaches both to prevent future invasions and to manage existing ones (Colautti & Lau 2015). From the earliest days of invasion biology, evolutionary biologists postulated that evolution might play an important role in the success of invading species (e.g., Baker & Stebb ...
... developing sound long-term approaches both to prevent future invasions and to manage existing ones (Colautti & Lau 2015). From the earliest days of invasion biology, evolutionary biologists postulated that evolution might play an important role in the success of invading species (e.g., Baker & Stebb ...
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants
... Misconception alert: Evolution refers to changes in populations of organisms over time, but does not imply how these changes have taken place. Natural selection is considered by most biologists to be the primary mechanism of evolution. ...
... Misconception alert: Evolution refers to changes in populations of organisms over time, but does not imply how these changes have taken place. Natural selection is considered by most biologists to be the primary mechanism of evolution. ...
Cryptic genetic variation: evolution`s hidden substrate
... population size, the mutation rate and the proportion of mutations that have conditional effects. The latter is determined by both the biochemical properties of the mutant alleles and the cellular networks in which they reside. For example, biological macromolecules are sensitive to temperature, pH ...
... population size, the mutation rate and the proportion of mutations that have conditional effects. The latter is determined by both the biochemical properties of the mutant alleles and the cellular networks in which they reside. For example, biological macromolecules are sensitive to temperature, pH ...
Genomics and the origin of species - Integrative Biology
... Patterns of genomic divergence Several methods can be used to investigate genome-wide divergence along the ‘speciation continuum’. These methods include genome scans using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays78, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)72,77 or related genotyping-b ...
... Patterns of genomic divergence Several methods can be used to investigate genome-wide divergence along the ‘speciation continuum’. These methods include genome scans using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays78, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)72,77 or related genotyping-b ...
Shattered: Medawar`s Test Tubes and their Enduring Legacy of Chaos
... skyscrapers, computers, and whatever technological marvels we see around us. All these wonders are the products of evolution. The purposefulness of evolved adaptations should be obvious to all who consider them. It is very difficult to name any evolved adaptation without a clear present or past purp ...
... skyscrapers, computers, and whatever technological marvels we see around us. All these wonders are the products of evolution. The purposefulness of evolved adaptations should be obvious to all who consider them. It is very difficult to name any evolved adaptation without a clear present or past purp ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.