Rajon, E. and Masel, J. (2013)
... edges represent single mutational steps (Wagner, 2005, see Fig. 1). The number of new phenotypes accessible by a single mutation has two components (Masel and Trotter, 2010; Wagner, 2011). First, a population that occupies many nodes on the network of possible genotypes – i.e. that has high genetic ...
... edges represent single mutational steps (Wagner, 2005, see Fig. 1). The number of new phenotypes accessible by a single mutation has two components (Masel and Trotter, 2010; Wagner, 2011). First, a population that occupies many nodes on the network of possible genotypes – i.e. that has high genetic ...
The Auk - POST - Queen`s University
... January (Darwin ). Although he observed many birds (Haupt ) and accumulated a reasonable collection of study skins during the ship’s long sojourn in South America ( February – September ), his main interests were geology and, possibly, entomology. In a letter to his cousin ...
... January (Darwin ). Although he observed many birds (Haupt ) and accumulated a reasonable collection of study skins during the ship’s long sojourn in South America ( February – September ), his main interests were geology and, possibly, entomology. In a letter to his cousin ...
Strong ecological but weak evolutionary effects of elevated CO
... but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from populations growing near geothermal vents where concentrat ...
... but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from populations growing near geothermal vents where concentrat ...
Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
Theory of Evolution
... • Humans: war, disease, lack of food • Environment limits the populations of all organisms by causing death or by limiting successful births ...
... • Humans: war, disease, lack of food • Environment limits the populations of all organisms by causing death or by limiting successful births ...
Epigenetic Inheritance, Genetic Assimilation and Speciation
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
Genome Growth and the Evolution of the Genotype
... One can ask, however, whether morphogenetic dynamics could have been shaped by evolutionary forces that systematically affect the nature of developmental constraints, or the smoothness of the adaptive landscape, or its evolvability. Here I discuss an evolutionary mechanism by which selection can com ...
... One can ask, however, whether morphogenetic dynamics could have been shaped by evolutionary forces that systematically affect the nature of developmental constraints, or the smoothness of the adaptive landscape, or its evolvability. Here I discuss an evolutionary mechanism by which selection can com ...
Optimizing selection for quantitative traits with information on an
... Methods to formulate and maximize response to selection for a quantitative trait over multiple generations when information on a quantitative trait locus (major gene) is available were developed to investigate and optimize response to selection in mixed inheritance models. Deterministic models with ...
... Methods to formulate and maximize response to selection for a quantitative trait over multiple generations when information on a quantitative trait locus (major gene) is available were developed to investigate and optimize response to selection in mixed inheritance models. Deterministic models with ...
in evolution - University of California, Berkeley
... (a) most specific allelic states achievable by even the simplest and most common form of mutation-single nucleotide substitution-are highly unlikely to be present within a species at any point in time; (b) there is a simple and direct relationship between the mutation rate and the rate of evolutiona ...
... (a) most specific allelic states achievable by even the simplest and most common form of mutation-single nucleotide substitution-are highly unlikely to be present within a species at any point in time; (b) there is a simple and direct relationship between the mutation rate and the rate of evolutiona ...
The fitness costs of adaptation via phenotypic plasticity and maternal
... 2011) settings, as well as across generations (Galloway & Etterson 2007; Burgess & Marshall 2011). In ecological scenarios, environmental change is often positively autocorrelated (Halley 1996; Vasseur & Yodzis 2004), meaning environments in successive time intervals are more similar than would be e ...
... 2011) settings, as well as across generations (Galloway & Etterson 2007; Burgess & Marshall 2011). In ecological scenarios, environmental change is often positively autocorrelated (Halley 1996; Vasseur & Yodzis 2004), meaning environments in successive time intervals are more similar than would be e ...
(1904–2005) Ernst Mayr and the integration of geographic and
... expose populations to divergent natural selection will accelerate genetic divergence, and thus the process of by-product speciation. Speciation is accelerated because ecological traits under divergent selection, or traits that are genetically-correlated with such traits, can incidentally affect repr ...
... expose populations to divergent natural selection will accelerate genetic divergence, and thus the process of by-product speciation. Speciation is accelerated because ecological traits under divergent selection, or traits that are genetically-correlated with such traits, can incidentally affect repr ...
AP SUMMER 2016 Power Point
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Adaptive Approaches Towards Better GA Performance in Dynamic
... be let free to evolve as any other trait of the organisms without any necessary control from the researcher, since a moment of reflection suggests, that in biological reality the fitness formula isn’t fixed, but as a trait of organisms, is evolvable. More precisely, the fitness formula summarizes a ...
... be let free to evolve as any other trait of the organisms without any necessary control from the researcher, since a moment of reflection suggests, that in biological reality the fitness formula isn’t fixed, but as a trait of organisms, is evolvable. More precisely, the fitness formula summarizes a ...
Neo-Darwinists and Neo-Aristotelians: how to talk about natural
... constituent parts. This paper is concerned with the purposive characteristics of living activity generally, and not with the more obvious purposive nature of conscious human behavior and thought, although this might be seen as a local example of the more general problem. It is clear why it appears t ...
... constituent parts. This paper is concerned with the purposive characteristics of living activity generally, and not with the more obvious purposive nature of conscious human behavior and thought, although this might be seen as a local example of the more general problem. It is clear why it appears t ...
Natural Selection on Testosterone Production in a Wild Songbird
... Testosterone-treated males more than compensated for reduced survival by siring more offspring via extrapair fertilizations than did controls, and as a result, they had higher fitness as measured by l, the projected relative rate of population growth (Raouf et al. 1997; Reed et al. 2006). These resu ...
... Testosterone-treated males more than compensated for reduced survival by siring more offspring via extrapair fertilizations than did controls, and as a result, they had higher fitness as measured by l, the projected relative rate of population growth (Raouf et al. 1997; Reed et al. 2006). These resu ...
How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality
... Balancing selection occurs when genetic variation is maintained by selection, such that different levels on a trait dimension are favored, or are adaptive, in different environmental conditions to the same degree. Although all heritable variation ultimately originates from mutations, the different f ...
... Balancing selection occurs when genetic variation is maintained by selection, such that different levels on a trait dimension are favored, or are adaptive, in different environmental conditions to the same degree. Although all heritable variation ultimately originates from mutations, the different f ...
Mobility as an Emergent Property of Biological Organization: Insights
... Runner and control lines, roughly one-third of daily wheel revolutions are attributable to “coasting.”15 After generation 31 of the experiment, mice were moved from the University of Wisconsin-Madison to the University of California-Riverside, and wheel running was not measured (nor was selection ap ...
... Runner and control lines, roughly one-third of daily wheel revolutions are attributable to “coasting.”15 After generation 31 of the experiment, mice were moved from the University of Wisconsin-Madison to the University of California-Riverside, and wheel running was not measured (nor was selection ap ...
Darwin`s Metaphors Revisited: Conceptual Metaphors, Conceptual
... owing to their geometrical rate of increase, a severe struggle for life, at some age, season, or year, and this certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering the infinite complexity of the relation of all organic beings to each other and to their condition of life, causing an infinite diversity in ...
... owing to their geometrical rate of increase, a severe struggle for life, at some age, season, or year, and this certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering the infinite complexity of the relation of all organic beings to each other and to their condition of life, causing an infinite diversity in ...
Darwin on Mind, Morals, and Emotions
... first instance pass beneficial adaptations to succeeding generations. How then could their otherregarding traits be explained, and, more generally, how did the attributes of neuters arise? Darwin worried about this problem for sometime, fearing it would allow the Creator a return to those provinces ...
... first instance pass beneficial adaptations to succeeding generations. How then could their otherregarding traits be explained, and, more generally, how did the attributes of neuters arise? Darwin worried about this problem for sometime, fearing it would allow the Creator a return to those provinces ...
Sexual reproduction, in one form
... Box 1 | Experimental evidence for direct benefits of sex Explanations for the evolution of sex that propose a direct fitness benefit have received little attention, probably because they are unable to explain the evolutionary maintenance of sex and recombination. One recent study nevertheless found ...
... Box 1 | Experimental evidence for direct benefits of sex Explanations for the evolution of sex that propose a direct fitness benefit have received little attention, probably because they are unable to explain the evolutionary maintenance of sex and recombination. One recent study nevertheless found ...
The genetic consequences of selection in natural populations
... In the case of over- or underdominance, slightly different genetic models are used. The heterozygote is defined as the reference, and selection coefficients for or against each homozygote are calculated. Selection may be assumed to be symmetric such that s for each homozygote is equal, but other mod ...
... In the case of over- or underdominance, slightly different genetic models are used. The heterozygote is defined as the reference, and selection coefficients for or against each homozygote are calculated. Selection may be assumed to be symmetric such that s for each homozygote is equal, but other mod ...
Evolutionary Gems from Nature
... environment to another. Whales, for example, are beautifully adapted to life in water, and have been for millions of years. But, like us, they are mammals. They breathe air, and give birth to and suckle live young. Yet there is good evidence that mammals originally evolved on land. If that is so, th ...
... environment to another. Whales, for example, are beautifully adapted to life in water, and have been for millions of years. But, like us, they are mammals. They breathe air, and give birth to and suckle live young. Yet there is good evidence that mammals originally evolved on land. If that is so, th ...
Bear Island - The Jelly Bear Evolution Game
... pressure impacts on the bears of different colours in different habitats. Bears may be killed, moved or may gain a cub as a result of the instructions on the card. Round up the numbers affected, so that a 50% cull on 5 bears will kill 3 not 2. ...
... pressure impacts on the bears of different colours in different habitats. Bears may be killed, moved or may gain a cub as a result of the instructions on the card. Round up the numbers affected, so that a 50% cull on 5 bears will kill 3 not 2. ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.