Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
Niche construction in evolutionary theory: the construction
... of standard evolutionary theory and that niche construction deserves to be treated as a significant ...
... of standard evolutionary theory and that niche construction deserves to be treated as a significant ...
Sutton 2014 - British Society of Criminology
... wrote that Matthew: ‘…anticipated the views of Darwin on Natural Selection, but without producing any real influence on the course of biological thought…’ This unique in the history of science, and specifically tailored to fit Matthew, priority denial argument is somewhat incongruous. For instance, ...
... wrote that Matthew: ‘…anticipated the views of Darwin on Natural Selection, but without producing any real influence on the course of biological thought…’ This unique in the history of science, and specifically tailored to fit Matthew, priority denial argument is somewhat incongruous. For instance, ...
Repeated modification of early limb morphogenesis programmes
... changes—is evident for the biasing role of development in shaping evolutionary patterns [7,10 – 15]. But these views are not necessarily mutually exclusive. On one hand, convergence per se does not necessarily imply the similar action of natural selection; only when convergence occurs in similar sel ...
... changes—is evident for the biasing role of development in shaping evolutionary patterns [7,10 – 15]. But these views are not necessarily mutually exclusive. On one hand, convergence per se does not necessarily imply the similar action of natural selection; only when convergence occurs in similar sel ...
On the Evolution of Premating Isolation after a Founder Event
... will decline in frequency if the probability of matings between common homozygotes is higher than the average of the probabilities of matings involving a common homozygote and a heterozygote. With n → ∞, the probability of matings between common homozygotes should be higher than the probability of m ...
... will decline in frequency if the probability of matings between common homozygotes is higher than the average of the probabilities of matings involving a common homozygote and a heterozygote. With n → ∞, the probability of matings between common homozygotes should be higher than the probability of m ...
16-3 - Brookings School District
... In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg ...
... In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg ...
16-3 - local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg ...
... In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg ...
On reciprocal causation in the evolutionary process
... at least as far as Fisher (1930). The oft-misunderstood fundamental theorem apparently included the assumption that growing populations are expected to degrade their environments so that the positive effects of genetic increases in fitness combine with negative feedback on environmental variation fo ...
... at least as far as Fisher (1930). The oft-misunderstood fundamental theorem apparently included the assumption that growing populations are expected to degrade their environments so that the positive effects of genetic increases in fitness combine with negative feedback on environmental variation fo ...
Speciation and Intra-Specific Taxa
... key factors accounting for the floral species diversity of the Cape Floristic Region. Hence “ecological theory” rather than geographical isolation, is being argued as the most likely mechanism of speciation within this biome. 4. Genetic models of speciation ...
... key factors accounting for the floral species diversity of the Cape Floristic Region. Hence “ecological theory” rather than geographical isolation, is being argued as the most likely mechanism of speciation within this biome. 4. Genetic models of speciation ...
Conceptual Barriers to Progress Within Evolutionary Biology
... genes affecting her offspring’s phenotype by modifying its environment (Wolf et al. 1998). While this stance recognizes that modification of the selective environment does occur, it does not view environmental modification as a process with quasi-independent causal significance. Rather it attributes ...
... genes affecting her offspring’s phenotype by modifying its environment (Wolf et al. 1998). While this stance recognizes that modification of the selective environment does occur, it does not view environmental modification as a process with quasi-independent causal significance. Rather it attributes ...
natural selection and heredity
... fit or adapt it to its surroundings. If the environment changes, new variations will become advantageous, will be utilised and will supplant the old less well-adapted forms. Darwin realised that for this 'natural selection' to be effective the variations must be inherited, and that there will have t ...
... fit or adapt it to its surroundings. If the environment changes, new variations will become advantageous, will be utilised and will supplant the old less well-adapted forms. Darwin realised that for this 'natural selection' to be effective the variations must be inherited, and that there will have t ...
Perspectives
... nulls, yet the question about strong effects of allozymes relies on just such an average. (Also, for the rarer nulls, afrequencyestimated from, e.g., one sample of 1/7 16 and one of 0/436 is likely to be an overestimate, underestimatingheterozygousphenotypic effect.) Next, it is a non sequitur to sa ...
... nulls, yet the question about strong effects of allozymes relies on just such an average. (Also, for the rarer nulls, afrequencyestimated from, e.g., one sample of 1/7 16 and one of 0/436 is likely to be an overestimate, underestimatingheterozygousphenotypic effect.) Next, it is a non sequitur to sa ...
setting the stage: phenotypic plasticity as habitat selection
... plants alter their resource environments through modifications of their modular structure. Plants can express morphological changes that enable a plant to grow beyond areas with scarce resources and changes that enable plants to remain in and take advantage of areas with abundant resources. Foraging ...
... plants alter their resource environments through modifications of their modular structure. Plants can express morphological changes that enable a plant to grow beyond areas with scarce resources and changes that enable plants to remain in and take advantage of areas with abundant resources. Foraging ...
More on how and why: cause and effect in biology revisited
... (e.g. hormonal) and external (e.g. temperature, day length) factors combine to elicit or generate the character. Conversely, ultimate causes are historical explanations— they explain why an organism has one trait rather than another. Mayr presented ultimate explanations as invoking natural selection ...
... (e.g. hormonal) and external (e.g. temperature, day length) factors combine to elicit or generate the character. Conversely, ultimate causes are historical explanations— they explain why an organism has one trait rather than another. Mayr presented ultimate explanations as invoking natural selection ...
REVIEW Selectionism and Neutralism in Molecular Evolution
... random genetic drift, any number of substitutions is possible as long as the substitution rate is lower than the mutation rate. For this reason, Kimura concluded that most nucleotide substitutions must be neutral or nearly neutral. This paper was immediately attacked by Maynard Smith (1968) and Sved ...
... random genetic drift, any number of substitutions is possible as long as the substitution rate is lower than the mutation rate. For this reason, Kimura concluded that most nucleotide substitutions must be neutral or nearly neutral. This paper was immediately attacked by Maynard Smith (1968) and Sved ...
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
... Step 1: Represent the problem variable domain as a chromosome of a fixed length, choose the size of a chromosome population N, the crossover probability pc, and the mutation probability pm. Step 2: Define a fitness function to measure the performance (i.e., fitness) of an individual chromosome in th ...
... Step 1: Represent the problem variable domain as a chromosome of a fixed length, choose the size of a chromosome population N, the crossover probability pc, and the mutation probability pm. Step 2: Define a fitness function to measure the performance (i.e., fitness) of an individual chromosome in th ...
Can Heritable Epigenetic Variation Aid Speciation?
... short time [11], much shorter than the generation length of an organism, and allow an almost instantaneous response of the individual to its environment within limits defined by its genetic constitution. Heritable epigenetic alterations act within an intermediate time horizon, since they can occur a ...
... short time [11], much shorter than the generation length of an organism, and allow an almost instantaneous response of the individual to its environment within limits defined by its genetic constitution. Heritable epigenetic alterations act within an intermediate time horizon, since they can occur a ...
Evolutionary Dynamics as a Component of Stage
... evolution and lead to extinction. We compare van Tienderen’s (2000) approach with two other approaches, the first of which explicitly considers the phenotypic distribution when evaluating mean fitness and the second of which is an individual-based modeling approach that incorporates demographic stoc ...
... evolution and lead to extinction. We compare van Tienderen’s (2000) approach with two other approaches, the first of which explicitly considers the phenotypic distribution when evaluating mean fitness and the second of which is an individual-based modeling approach that incorporates demographic stoc ...
NEO-DARWINISM: A LOOK AT THE ALLEGED GENETIC
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its function in sexual reproduction, he could see a great deal of the mystery of life unraveling before his very eyes. Some scientists suggested that they had the answers as to how variation and change occurred. It was done, they said, by genetic mutations. Many genet ...
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its function in sexual reproduction, he could see a great deal of the mystery of life unraveling before his very eyes. Some scientists suggested that they had the answers as to how variation and change occurred. It was done, they said, by genetic mutations. Many genet ...
Compromising Theories - Northwest Creation Network
... “From time to time educational leaders contemplate starting a new kind of educational program to prepare science students to debate the issues in public. Such a program would be a disaster for the Darwinists if it ever got off the ground because you can’t teach students to argue a case competently w ...
... “From time to time educational leaders contemplate starting a new kind of educational program to prepare science students to debate the issues in public. Such a program would be a disaster for the Darwinists if it ever got off the ground because you can’t teach students to argue a case competently w ...
ePortfolio Signature Assignment Natural Selection
... the fourteen different species that derived from a common ancestor. Darwin later wrote about what he had learned from a specific bird, “The most curious fact is the perfect gradation in the size of the beaks of the different species of Geospiza... Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in ...
... the fourteen different species that derived from a common ancestor. Darwin later wrote about what he had learned from a specific bird, “The most curious fact is the perfect gradation in the size of the beaks of the different species of Geospiza... Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in ...
Descent with Modification
... Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving each generation. ...
... Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving each generation. ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.