on the opportunity for sexual selection, the bateman gradient and
... James Crow’s “opportunity for selection” (Crow 1958). In a simple derivation, Michael Wade (1979) showed that, under a model of strict polygyny, the opportunity for selection is directly related to the variance in relative mating success, which came to be known as the “opportunity for sexual selecti ...
... James Crow’s “opportunity for selection” (Crow 1958). In a simple derivation, Michael Wade (1979) showed that, under a model of strict polygyny, the opportunity for selection is directly related to the variance in relative mating success, which came to be known as the “opportunity for sexual selecti ...
The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue
... residents to then raise the overall mean fitness of the local population. Ideally, genetic rescue is measured by an increase in population growth rate over multiple generations. The increase in fitness is thought to be due primarily to HETEROSIS in the offspring that result from matings between immi ...
... residents to then raise the overall mean fitness of the local population. Ideally, genetic rescue is measured by an increase in population growth rate over multiple generations. The increase in fitness is thought to be due primarily to HETEROSIS in the offspring that result from matings between immi ...
Evolution - Bee-Man
... to see this picture. offspring than the environment can support, competition for resources favors those better suited. These individuals reproduce and pass on their traits. Darwin observed artificial selection in which nature provided variation and humans selected variations they found useful. ...
... to see this picture. offspring than the environment can support, competition for resources favors those better suited. These individuals reproduce and pass on their traits. Darwin observed artificial selection in which nature provided variation and humans selected variations they found useful. ...
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
... Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin realized that Malthus’s hypotheses about human populations apply to all species. Every organism has the potential to produce many offspring during its lifetime. In most cases, however, only a limited number of those offspring survive to reproduce. Considering M ...
... Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin realized that Malthus’s hypotheses about human populations apply to all species. Every organism has the potential to produce many offspring during its lifetime. In most cases, however, only a limited number of those offspring survive to reproduce. Considering M ...
Species range expansion by beneficial mutations
... and with a given phenotypic effect. Those results form a foundation that we then use to study three basic questions about range expansions. First, where in a species’ range do mutations that cause range expansion occur? One might expect mutations that allow for adaptation to arise in the range centr ...
... and with a given phenotypic effect. Those results form a foundation that we then use to study three basic questions about range expansions. First, where in a species’ range do mutations that cause range expansion occur? One might expect mutations that allow for adaptation to arise in the range centr ...
Erratum At section 7, second para, line 8 `extant`
... contrast, the causes of selection under domestication and in nature—the human breeder’s practices and the struggle for life—are entirely unalike, but their selective consequences for survival and reproduction are the same in kind though not in degree. The first causal theme in the opening chapter (I ...
... contrast, the causes of selection under domestication and in nature—the human breeder’s practices and the struggle for life—are entirely unalike, but their selective consequences for survival and reproduction are the same in kind though not in degree. The first causal theme in the opening chapter (I ...
Darwinians at war Bateson`s place in histories of Darwinism
... the Darwinian research programme. To Mayr's and Bowler's credit, they provide a historical rationale for their definitional approach. Darwin's Origin is said to amalgamate a multitude of theories, influences, and trajectories (Bowler, 1988, pp. 6, 22; and Mayr, 1985). Among these, Darwin's theory of ...
... the Darwinian research programme. To Mayr's and Bowler's credit, they provide a historical rationale for their definitional approach. Darwin's Origin is said to amalgamate a multitude of theories, influences, and trajectories (Bowler, 1988, pp. 6, 22; and Mayr, 1985). Among these, Darwin's theory of ...
GENES, ENVIRONMENTS, AND CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGICAL
... But they did not use the Greek equivalent of the term ‘inheritance’ to talk about these processes – they did not use the inheritance words to express the concept of inheritanceF. Terms like ‘inheritance’, ‘inherited’ and ‘heritable’ (or their cognates) were adopted to talk about biological phenomen ...
... But they did not use the Greek equivalent of the term ‘inheritance’ to talk about these processes – they did not use the inheritance words to express the concept of inheritanceF. Terms like ‘inheritance’, ‘inherited’ and ‘heritable’ (or their cognates) were adopted to talk about biological phenomen ...
Ch.13 Textbook PowerPoint
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Topic 13-Evolution & Darwin`s Theory
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Mutual Aid Theory and Human Development
... Kropotkin does not reflect the more popular Malthusian based view of natural selection that the concept is not integral to his theory of mutual aid (Montague 1955). It might even be argued that Kropotkin’s view is the more parsimonious and more elegant model of natural selection. The Malthusian insp ...
... Kropotkin does not reflect the more popular Malthusian based view of natural selection that the concept is not integral to his theory of mutual aid (Montague 1955). It might even be argued that Kropotkin’s view is the more parsimonious and more elegant model of natural selection. The Malthusian insp ...
Pre-adaptation, exaptation and technology speciation: a comment
... retention processes (as in biological evolution) or Lemarkian processes (as in new product development, etc.). In biology, this led Williams (1966: 6)to define adaptation as occurring when we can, ‘‘attribute the origin and perfection of this design to a long period of selection for its effectivenes ...
... retention processes (as in biological evolution) or Lemarkian processes (as in new product development, etc.). In biology, this led Williams (1966: 6)to define adaptation as occurring when we can, ‘‘attribute the origin and perfection of this design to a long period of selection for its effectivenes ...
Chapter 22
... In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce ...
... In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce ...
Can Modern Evolutionary Theory Explain Macroevolution?
... random in other respects), resulting in inherited variation that may be amplified by recombination; (3) natural selection (at the level of individual organisms), acting on inherited variation, is the major cause of evolution of adaptive characteristics; (4) changes in the genetic composition of popu ...
... random in other respects), resulting in inherited variation that may be amplified by recombination; (3) natural selection (at the level of individual organisms), acting on inherited variation, is the major cause of evolution of adaptive characteristics; (4) changes in the genetic composition of popu ...
Can Modern Evolutionary Theory Explain Macroevolution?
... random in other respects), resulting in inherited variation that may be amplified by recombination; (3) natural selection (at the level of individual organisms), acting on inherited variation, is the major cause of evolution of adaptive characteristics; (4) changes in the genetic composition of popu ...
... random in other respects), resulting in inherited variation that may be amplified by recombination; (3) natural selection (at the level of individual organisms), acting on inherited variation, is the major cause of evolution of adaptive characteristics; (4) changes in the genetic composition of popu ...
IV. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont
... The Bottleneck Effect: type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster) such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population ...
... The Bottleneck Effect: type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster) such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population ...
Article The Relationship between dN/dS and Scaled Selection
... (Rodrigue et al. 2000; Robinson et al. 2003; Thorne et al. 2007; Scherrer et al. 2012; Meyer and Wilke 2013). This flexibility, along with accessible software implementations (Kosakovsky Pond et al. 2005; Yang 2007; Delport et al. 2010), makes dN/dS-based models an attractive analysis choice. On the ...
... (Rodrigue et al. 2000; Robinson et al. 2003; Thorne et al. 2007; Scherrer et al. 2012; Meyer and Wilke 2013). This flexibility, along with accessible software implementations (Kosakovsky Pond et al. 2005; Yang 2007; Delport et al. 2010), makes dN/dS-based models an attractive analysis choice. On the ...
evolutionary inferences from the analysis of exchangeability
... of confidence intervals; (3) make statistical inferences based on confidence interval overlap; and (4) infer effect sizes based on explained variance. We will refer to all of these methods as the “significant effects on means” approach. Our goal is to advance an alternative approach that might bette ...
... of confidence intervals; (3) make statistical inferences based on confidence interval overlap; and (4) infer effect sizes based on explained variance. We will refer to all of these methods as the “significant effects on means” approach. Our goal is to advance an alternative approach that might bette ...
Power Point Presentation
... Thomas Malthus • Influenced Darwin by noteing the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • Thi ...
... Thomas Malthus • Influenced Darwin by noteing the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • Thi ...
A Review of the Evolutionary Psychology Debates
... What is currently called “evolutionary psychology”—that is, the recent attempts at melding current evolutionary and psychological theories—has been most strongly advocated in a long essay by the anthropologist John Tooby and the psychologist Leda Cosmides, entitled “The Psychological Foundations of ...
... What is currently called “evolutionary psychology”—that is, the recent attempts at melding current evolutionary and psychological theories—has been most strongly advocated in a long essay by the anthropologist John Tooby and the psychologist Leda Cosmides, entitled “The Psychological Foundations of ...
Evolution-Fitness and Rocks
... 2 Variation in organisms makes survival a nonrandom event - Some variants are more likely to survive in a given environment l Of the excess products of organisms reproductive capacity the most fit survive - Survival of the fittest ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
... 2 Variation in organisms makes survival a nonrandom event - Some variants are more likely to survive in a given environment l Of the excess products of organisms reproductive capacity the most fit survive - Survival of the fittest ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
Decent With Modification Darwin`s Theory
... 2 Variation in organisms makes survival a nonrandom event - Some variants are more likely to survive in a given environment Of the excess products of organisms reproductive capacity the most fit survive - Survival of the fittest ...
... 2 Variation in organisms makes survival a nonrandom event - Some variants are more likely to survive in a given environment Of the excess products of organisms reproductive capacity the most fit survive - Survival of the fittest ...
Theodosius Dobzhansky: A Man For All Seasons
... survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with the physical conditions of life …Can it, then, be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occu ...
... survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with the physical conditions of life …Can it, then, be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occu ...
The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making
... the phylogenetic, functional, developmental, and mechanistic levels. Evolutionary biologists focus primarily on why behavioral decisions exist from a functional perspective. For example, what benefit exists for leaving the termite hole now versus in ten minutes? Psychologists, by contrast, explore t ...
... the phylogenetic, functional, developmental, and mechanistic levels. Evolutionary biologists focus primarily on why behavioral decisions exist from a functional perspective. For example, what benefit exists for leaving the termite hole now versus in ten minutes? Psychologists, by contrast, explore t ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.