Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) and the new philosophy of biology
... individuals of a population or of an asexual lineage (the genotype of the individual) and many environmental circumstances are fortuitous with regards to the needs of the organism. An organism is confronted with the same kind of ‘chance’ a gambler encounters—when playing roulette the course of the b ...
... individuals of a population or of an asexual lineage (the genotype of the individual) and many environmental circumstances are fortuitous with regards to the needs of the organism. An organism is confronted with the same kind of ‘chance’ a gambler encounters—when playing roulette the course of the b ...
The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple
... syllabus. For example, the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations Board (OCR) syllabus for GCSE Biology 2003, contains under the subsection on evolution: ‘Describe ...
... syllabus. For example, the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations Board (OCR) syllabus for GCSE Biology 2003, contains under the subsection on evolution: ‘Describe ...
The Chances of Evolution: An Analysis of the Roles of Chance in
... natural world and the way we view ourselves within that world. Ever since Darwin, we have seen species not as static entities specially created by a higher being, but as entities which change in response to environmental pressures. According to Darwin, such changes are primarily due to natural selec ...
... natural world and the way we view ourselves within that world. Ever since Darwin, we have seen species not as static entities specially created by a higher being, but as entities which change in response to environmental pressures. According to Darwin, such changes are primarily due to natural selec ...
Evolution Review
... ____ 58. Research shows that in the case of the orchid and its pollinator wasp discussed in the text, a. wasps are attracted to the orchid because the flower secretes a sex-attractant molecule. b. wasps receive nectar when they attempt to copulate with the flowers. c. several species of wasps compet ...
... ____ 58. Research shows that in the case of the orchid and its pollinator wasp discussed in the text, a. wasps are attracted to the orchid because the flower secretes a sex-attractant molecule. b. wasps receive nectar when they attempt to copulate with the flowers. c. several species of wasps compet ...
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide
... Evolution: History of Development(All Authors, Theories and Publications). Natural Selection: Understand and describe relationship between physical variation within Species and their relationship to the Environment. Charles Darwin: Life, Travels, Observations. Galapagos Islands: Describe all example ...
... Evolution: History of Development(All Authors, Theories and Publications). Natural Selection: Understand and describe relationship between physical variation within Species and their relationship to the Environment. Charles Darwin: Life, Travels, Observations. Galapagos Islands: Describe all example ...
Bully for Brontosaurus - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... Cavalli-Sforza was a pioneer in using genetic analysis (primarily blood type and protein analysis in the 1960’s, as this predated modern gene sequencing techniques) to identify relationships among different peoples. Despite its greater age, scientists did not think that linguistics could play a role ...
... Cavalli-Sforza was a pioneer in using genetic analysis (primarily blood type and protein analysis in the 1960’s, as this predated modern gene sequencing techniques) to identify relationships among different peoples. Despite its greater age, scientists did not think that linguistics could play a role ...
Speciation Speciation Speciation Speciation
... Traditionally, it has been thought to be difficult for assortative mating to evolve fast enough to allow a population to split in the face of disruptive selection. ...
... Traditionally, it has been thought to be difficult for assortative mating to evolve fast enough to allow a population to split in the face of disruptive selection. ...
The evolution of lactase persistence
... the idea that general nutritional milk dependence can explain the patterns of lactase persistence in northern Europe, where mixed farming systems predominate, is more controversial (Flatz, 1987; Durham, 1991). To account for the specific advantages of drinking fresh milk in high-latitude regions in ...
... the idea that general nutritional milk dependence can explain the patterns of lactase persistence in northern Europe, where mixed farming systems predominate, is more controversial (Flatz, 1987; Durham, 1991). To account for the specific advantages of drinking fresh milk in high-latitude regions in ...
Parental effects in ecology and evolution
... effect) on developing phenotypes. The extent of this impact is a function of the reliability and availability of the repertoire of developmental resources transferred or reconstructed by parental effect processes. In other words, parental effects on development enable evolution by natural selection ...
... effect) on developing phenotypes. The extent of this impact is a function of the reliability and availability of the repertoire of developmental resources transferred or reconstructed by parental effect processes. In other words, parental effects on development enable evolution by natural selection ...
Chapter 6: The survival value approach
... In this chapter I am concerned with the survival value approach to function attributions. I argue that this approach is on the right track as an analysis of the meaning of the notion of ‘survival value’ (function3), but that the current proposals fail to account for the explanatory use of appeals to ...
... In this chapter I am concerned with the survival value approach to function attributions. I argue that this approach is on the right track as an analysis of the meaning of the notion of ‘survival value’ (function3), but that the current proposals fail to account for the explanatory use of appeals to ...
Sources of inter- and intra-individual variation in basal metabolic
... Franco 2007 and references cited therein), indicating a between-individual genetic component of BMR. However, because the permanent differences between individuals could be attributed to environmental sources of variance, highly repeatable traits may not necessary be heritable (Merilä and Sheldon 20 ...
... Franco 2007 and references cited therein), indicating a between-individual genetic component of BMR. However, because the permanent differences between individuals could be attributed to environmental sources of variance, highly repeatable traits may not necessary be heritable (Merilä and Sheldon 20 ...
Darwin as a plant scientist - Australian National Botanic Gardens
... Darwin’s resolve to become a natural scientist, travelling to exotic and poorly known places, perhaps achieving greatness and international renown, was further affirmed by reading works of Alexander von Humboldt (Personal Narrative, 1807 [28]) and William Herschel (Introduction to the Study of Natur ...
... Darwin’s resolve to become a natural scientist, travelling to exotic and poorly known places, perhaps achieving greatness and international renown, was further affirmed by reading works of Alexander von Humboldt (Personal Narrative, 1807 [28]) and William Herschel (Introduction to the Study of Natur ...
Sewall Wright, shifting balance theory, and the
... a population into small, partially isolated demes provides the balance between random genetic drift and natural selection that is most favorable for rapid adaptive evolution. On this view, drift and selection act together in adaptive evolution: drift provides a continuous supply of intraspecific vari ...
... a population into small, partially isolated demes provides the balance between random genetic drift and natural selection that is most favorable for rapid adaptive evolution. On this view, drift and selection act together in adaptive evolution: drift provides a continuous supply of intraspecific vari ...
Darwin, Galton and the Statistical Enlightenment
... selective breeding and horticulture to improve the breed or the crop. The substantial variation in material was convincingly argued and, what’s more, the variations that he presented were demonstrably heritable. Many statistical ideas were present in this discussion, implicitly if not in recognizabl ...
... selective breeding and horticulture to improve the breed or the crop. The substantial variation in material was convincingly argued and, what’s more, the variations that he presented were demonstrably heritable. Many statistical ideas were present in this discussion, implicitly if not in recognizabl ...
How to read “heritability” in the recipe approach to - Philsci
... This version might slightly differ from the from the final publication ...
... This version might slightly differ from the from the final publication ...
The Flamingo`s Smile - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... muscular tongue that acts as a pump. These, however, are not the features that Gould wishes to discuss in this essay. Instead, it is the shape of the beak itself, which has been extensively modified to support the flamingo’s almost unique behavior of feeding upside down. Giraffes and camels bend the ...
... muscular tongue that acts as a pump. These, however, are not the features that Gould wishes to discuss in this essay. Instead, it is the shape of the beak itself, which has been extensively modified to support the flamingo’s almost unique behavior of feeding upside down. Giraffes and camels bend the ...
- Wiley Online Library
... identified major QTLs underlying quantitative traits such as nectar volume and style length (Bradshaw et al. 1998), making this system a textbook example of speciation by major genes under strong ecological selection. Adaptive differentiation is a major cause of reproductive isolation, with limited ...
... identified major QTLs underlying quantitative traits such as nectar volume and style length (Bradshaw et al. 1998), making this system a textbook example of speciation by major genes under strong ecological selection. Adaptive differentiation is a major cause of reproductive isolation, with limited ...
Fishman et al. 2013 - College of Humanities and Sciences
... identified major QTLs underlying quantitative traits such as nectar volume and style length (Bradshaw et al. 1998), making this system a textbook example of speciation by major genes under strong ecological selection. Adaptive differentiation is a major cause of reproductive isolation, with limited ...
... identified major QTLs underlying quantitative traits such as nectar volume and style length (Bradshaw et al. 1998), making this system a textbook example of speciation by major genes under strong ecological selection. Adaptive differentiation is a major cause of reproductive isolation, with limited ...
Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation.
... IN my study of Sandwich-Island terrestrial mollusks my attention was early arrested by the fact that wide diversity of allied species occurs within the limits of a single island, and in districts which present essentially the same environment. As my observations extended, I became more and more impr ...
... IN my study of Sandwich-Island terrestrial mollusks my attention was early arrested by the fact that wide diversity of allied species occurs within the limits of a single island, and in districts which present essentially the same environment. As my observations extended, I became more and more impr ...
From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution
... In recent years I have worked at the University of Göttingen and now at the University of Heidelberg in psychology in a quite positivistic and technical manner on issues like Bayesian hypothesis-testing. Hence, I am inclined to reconsider this book, based as it is on earlier thought, and I can see t ...
... In recent years I have worked at the University of Göttingen and now at the University of Heidelberg in psychology in a quite positivistic and technical manner on issues like Bayesian hypothesis-testing. Hence, I am inclined to reconsider this book, based as it is on earlier thought, and I can see t ...
Transformations of Lamarckism
... inheritance. Experimental work now shows that, contrary to the dogmatic assertions of many mid-twentieth-century biologists that it could not occur, even a form of “inheritance of acquired characters” does occur and might even be said to be ubiquitous. In particular, new variations induced by stress ...
... inheritance. Experimental work now shows that, contrary to the dogmatic assertions of many mid-twentieth-century biologists that it could not occur, even a form of “inheritance of acquired characters” does occur and might even be said to be ubiquitous. In particular, new variations induced by stress ...
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation
... Sympatric speciation has been fascinating and controversial because the evolution of two distinct gene pools is hampered by sexual reproduction, which tends to homogenize genetic variation among individuals. However, there is not a simple mapping between the spatial pattern of sympatry (literally, b ...
... Sympatric speciation has been fascinating and controversial because the evolution of two distinct gene pools is hampered by sexual reproduction, which tends to homogenize genetic variation among individuals. However, there is not a simple mapping between the spatial pattern of sympatry (literally, b ...
Conditions for sympatric speciation
... molluscs. They concluded that sympatric speciation may be an important component in evolutionary diversification for certain taxa, especially those subject to disruptive selection. Bush (1992) argued that non-allopatric speciation (i.e. without geographical isolation) may be common among small anima ...
... molluscs. They concluded that sympatric speciation may be an important component in evolutionary diversification for certain taxa, especially those subject to disruptive selection. Bush (1992) argued that non-allopatric speciation (i.e. without geographical isolation) may be common among small anima ...
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation
... Sympatric speciation has been fascinating and controversial because the evolution of two distinct gene pools is hampered by sexual reproduction, which tends to homogenize genetic variation among individuals. However, there is not a simple mapping between the spatial pattern of sympatry (literally, b ...
... Sympatric speciation has been fascinating and controversial because the evolution of two distinct gene pools is hampered by sexual reproduction, which tends to homogenize genetic variation among individuals. However, there is not a simple mapping between the spatial pattern of sympatry (literally, b ...
An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory
... agent suppresses a particular pathogen could be performed in a matter of days. An experiment to determine if an agent or protocol increases lifespan in mammals could take years or decades to perform. Understanding the aging process is critical to our ability to understand and treat highly age-relate ...
... agent suppresses a particular pathogen could be performed in a matter of days. An experiment to determine if an agent or protocol increases lifespan in mammals could take years or decades to perform. Understanding the aging process is critical to our ability to understand and treat highly age-relate ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.