Download Divisions within the Catholic Church

Chapter 9 section
1
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Feudal monarchs had limited power
-relied on the vassals for military support
-Nobles and the church had as much, if not more power
-Nobles and church had their own courts, collected taxes, fielded their own armies
-Continuous struggle for power between monarchs, Nobles and the Church
Strong Monarchs in England
During the early middle ages, Angles, Saxons and Vikings invaded and settled in England
1066 Anglo-Saxon King Edward died without an heir
-Power struggle emerged
-Battle of Hastings Duke William battled Harold (Who was chosen by a council of Elders to rule)
-Duke William won, became known as William the conqueror
William Takes control
-Exerted firm control over his lands
-Granted fief to the churches
-Required Feudal lords to pledge allegiance to him
-Domesday book-census taken in 1086, every castle, field, and pigpen in England was taken down
Increasing Royal Authority
-William's successors strengthened two key areas finances and law
-King Henry II came up with common law or law that is the same for all people
-Also developed the jury or a group of men sworn to speak the truth
-Henry claimed the right to try clergy in court
-Thomas Becket (archbishop of Canterbury) fiercely opposed this move
-Four of Henry's knights murdered Becket
-Henry denied any part in the attack, still he backed off on his policies
-Becket was honored as a martyr (saint)
Evolving Traditions of Government
-Henry's son John was a clever, and gruel ruler
-Faced three enemies: Pope Innocent III, English Nobles, and King Philip of France
-Lost to all three
The Magna Carta
-John angered his own nobles with heavy taxes
-1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Contained two basic ideas
1. Asserted that feudal lords had rights (later extended to all people of England)
2. Made clear that the monarch must obey the law
Development of Parliament
Often rulers called on the great council for advice
-eventually evolved into a parliament
-All major decisions went through parliament
-helped to unify England
Royal Successes in France
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified country
The Capetians
-Made the throne hereditary
-Won support from the church
-built an effective bureaucracy
Philip Augustus (Philip II)
Shrew and able ruler
-used paid middle-class people to fill government positions
-Granted charters to many new towns
-Introduced a national tax
-Became the most powerful ruler in Europe
Chapter 9 section 2
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
The Holy Roman Empire
After Charlemagne's death, much of his empire (Germany) separated
-936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title king of Germany
-Worked closely with the church
-Helped the Pope when needed
-Later crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Conflict with the Church
Holy Roman emperors saw themselves as protectors of the Church and Pope
-Intervened in church affairs over and over
-Problem arose between Emperors and Pope over the appointment of high church offices
Two Determined Rulers
Under Pope Gregory VII, conflict between emperors and Popes burst into flames
-Gregory wanted to make the church independent of rulers
-Banned the practice of lay investiture
-King Henry IV was angered over this ban
-1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV
-Gregory granted forgiveness to Henry IV (not excommunicated)
Concordat of Worms
Feud over lay investiture lasted for 50 years
-1122, both sides agreed to the Concordat of Worms
-Agreed that the church had sole power to elect Bishops
New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
During the 1100's and 1200's German emperors sought control of Italy
-Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) wanted to build an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic seas
-Tried to bring Italian states under his control
-Succeeded in arranging a marriage between his son (Henry) and Constance to Sicily
Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor)
Sicily, was a rich island kingdom
-Muslim and Christian influences existed side by side
-Frederick was fluent in Arabic, Greek and French (well-educated)
-Clashed with Popes
-Wanted to take control of Northern Italian cities (like Frederick I)
Consequences
-Frederick II gave into many demands of German nobles
-As a result, they grew independent of him
-Lost control of Germany (not unified for another 600 years)
Pope Innocent III
-1200's, the Roman Catholic church reached it's peak
-Claimed supremacy over all other rulers
-Clashed with all powerful rulers of his day
-1209, Innocent led a crusade (holy war) against Southern France
-People of Southern France wanted to return to the simpler days of Christianity
-Tens of thousands were killed in this crusade
Chapter 9 section 3 (The Crusades)
Byzantine Civilization
-Rival to Islam
-Prosperous and wealthy Empire
-Studied the works of the Greeks and Romans
-In the 1050's, the Seljuk Turks (Islamic) invaded the Byzantine Empire
-Seljuks overran most of the Byzantines land in Asia Minor
-Also extended their power over Palestine and attacked Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
The crusades
-As the Seljuk threat grew, Byzantine emperor Alexius I sent a plea to Pope Urban II
-Asked for Christian knights to fight the Turks
-Urban called for a crusade to free the Holy Land
Taking up the Cross
-Soon thousands of knights were off to the Holy Land (called crusaders)
-Many took up the cross for religious reasons, some for wealth and power
-Urban hoped to increase his power, heal the feud between the church and emperors
Massacre in Jerusalem
-200 years, crusaders marched, fought, and for brief periods of time occupied parts of Palestine
-Only the First crusade came close to achieving its goals
-Christians knights captured Jerusalem in 1099
-Killed the Muslim and Jewish residents of the city
Later Crusades
Crusaders divided the captured lands into four small states
-Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy Christian kingdoms
-1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leaders Salah al-Din (Saladin)
-Third crusade, failed by the Europeans to retake Jerusalem
-Saladin granted Christians access to the city
-Fourth crusade, Christians fought Christians (Crusaders took over Constantinople)
Impact of the Crusades (Negative)
-Failed in their chief goal (possession of the Holy Land)
-Crusaders in Europe sometimes turned on the Jews
Impact of Crusades (positive)
-Increased trade
-Brought the church to its greatest power
-Increased the power of Feudal monarchs
-Increased the use of money
The Crusading spirit
-Continued long after the fourth crusade
-Small Christian kingdoms survived in Spain
-Slowly took back land from Muslims (known as the Reconquista)
Chapter 9 section 4
Learning, Literature, and the Arts
Medieval Universities
-As economic and political conditions improved, more education was needed
Academic Guilds
1100's schools sprung up around cathedrals
-evolved into the first universities
-Salerno and Bologna in Italy had the first universities, other cities followed
-Students traveled from one city to another learning different things in each
-Some studied theology (Religion)
Student life
Bell wakened students at 5:00 AM
-classes went until 5:00PM
-Students ate a small supper and went to bed
-students sat for hours on hard benches
-courses included: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, and logic
-To earn a degree took 3-6 years
-Women were not allowed to go to universities
Europeans Acquire "New" Learning
Christian scholars known as scholastics, tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason
-Method known as scholasticism, used reason to support Christian beliefs
Thomas Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica
-Faith and reason he concluded existed in harmony
-Brought together Christian faith, and Greek philosophy
Medieval Literature
Vernacular-ordinary languages of ordinary people (French, German, and Italian)
The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer
-Story of English pilgrims on their way to Thomas Beckett's tomb
-Sketches a range of characters (a knight, a plowman, a merchant, miller, monk/nun
Splendors in Stone (Cathedrals)
Romanesque strength
-churches, built with thick walls and towers
Gothic Grace
Gothic style characterized by the flying buttresses (stone supports)
-very tall buildings
-became a competition between cities to see who could build the best cathedral
Cathedrals became known as "Bibles of stone" because of carvings, and stain glass windows
Chapter 9 section 5
A Time of Crisis
The Black Death
Autumn of 1347, a fleet of trading ships left the Black sea port of Caffa
-Sailed for Messina, Sicily
-Mid-voyage, Sailors started to feel sick and die
-After the ship reached Messina, townspeople fell sick and died as well
-Within months, the Black Death spread throughout Italy
-1348, it reached Spain and France
-One in three people died (more than any war in history)
A Global epidemic
Black death was the bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on rats
-Had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, but died down
-One strain survived in the Gobi desert
Rats
In the Premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even homes
-No one cared about them
-Ran throughout Chinese cities killing 35 million people
-Fleas would jump from rats onto people traveling West
-Spread from Asia to the Middle East
A Terrible Death
-Disease moved very fast
-Unsanitary conditions in homes and towns made the disease spread
-Black bruises from flea bites would mean death
-Heavy sweats
-Convulsive coughing
-Spat blood
-Stank
-Died in pain
Social Upheaval
-Plague brought terror
-Some turned to magic and witchcraft for cures
-Some saw it as God's punishment
-Christians blamed Jews for the plague
-Said they poisoned the wells
-Thousands were slaughtered
Economic Results
-Economy went straight down
-As workers and employers died, production declined
-Survivors demanded higher wages
-Prices rose up
Upheaval in the Church
-Spiritual crisis and upheaval in the church
-Many priests and monks died during the plague
-Replacements had a rough time
-Faced with the question "why did God kill some, and spare others?"
Divisions within the Catholic Church
1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in Southern France
-Remained there for 70 years under French domination (Babylonian Captivity)
-Popes ruled over a lavish court
-Critics lashed out against the pleasure-loving papacy
-Anti-clergy sentiment grew
1378, reformers elected their own Pope to rule from Rome
French Cardinals responded by choosing their own Pope
-For decades, two or three Popes claimed to be the voice of God
New Heresies
England, John Wycliffe an Oxford professor attacked church corruption
-Wycliffe said the Bible, not the church was the source of all Christian truth
-Began translating the Bible into English
-Church persecuted Wycliffe
The Hundred Years' War
Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts
-English rulers had fought for centuries to hold onto French lands
-French rulers wanted to extend their land/power
-Economic rivalry
-National pride
English Victories
-England owed a lot of victories to their longbow
-six feet long, and took years to master
-discharged three arrows at a time
-Looked as if England was going to take control of France
Joan of Arc
-17 year old peasant women
-Went to King Charles VII, said God sent her to save France
-Convinced the king to let her lead the French army
-Inspired the troops to fight
-Led the French to several victories
-Taken captive by the English
-Tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake
-Seen as a martyr, later a saint
Outcomes
-French used a powerful new weapon after Joan's death
-French kings expanded their land
-England lost its French lands
Chapter 9 section 1
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Feudal monarchs had limited power
-Nobles and the church had more power
-Nobles and church had their own courts, collected taxes,
fielded their own armies
William Takes control
-Exerted firm control over his lands
-Granted fief to the churches
-census (every castle, field, and pigpen in England was
taken down)
Increasing Royal Authority
- strengthened two key areas finances and law
-King Henry II -common law or law that is the same for all
people
-Also developed the jury or a group of men sworn to speak
the truth
The Magna Carta
-John angered his own nobles with heavy taxes
-1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and
forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Contained two basic ideas
1. Asserted that feudal lords had rights (later extended to
all people of England)
2. Made clear that the monarch must obey the law
Development of Parliament
-eventually evolved into a parliament
-All major decisions went through parliament
-helped to unify England
The Capetians
-Made the throne hereditary
-Won support from the church
Philip Augustus (Philip II)
Shrew and able ruler
-used paid middle-class people to fill government positions
-Granted charters to many new towns
-Became the most powerful ruler in Europe
Chapter 9 section 2
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
The Holy Roman Empire
-Duke Otto I of Saxony became king of Germany
-Worked closely with the church
-Later crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Conflict with the Church
-Intervened in church affairs over and over
-Problem arose over the appointment of high church offices
Two Determined Rulers
- Pope Gregory VII wanted to make the church independent of rulers
-Banned the practice of lay investiture
Concordat of Worms
-Agreed that the church had sole power to elect Bishops
New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
-Emperor Frederick I
-Tried to bring Italian states under his control
Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor)
-Clashed with Popes
-Wanted to take control of Northern Italian cities (like Frederick I)
Consequences
-Frederick II gave into many demands of German nobles
-As a result, they grew independent of him
-Lost control of Germany
Pope Innocent III
- Roman Catholic church reached it's peak
-Claimed supremacy over all other rulers
-1209, Innocent led a crusade (holy war) against Southern France
-People of Southern France wanted to return to the simpler days of Christianity
Chapter 9 section 3 (The Crusades)
The Crusades
-As the Seljuk threat grew (Muslim), Alexius I asked the pope for help to fight
the Muslims
- captured Jerusalem in 1099 and killed the Muslim and Jewish residents of the
city
Later Crusades
- Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leaders Saladin (Second Crusade)
- Christians tried to get back Jerusalem (Third Crusade)
- Christians fought Christians (Fourth Crusade)
Impact of the Crusades (Negative)
-Failed in their chief goal (possession of the Holy Land)
-Crusaders in Europe sometimes turned on the Jews
Impact of Crusades (positive)
-Increased trade
-Brought the church to its greatest power
-Increased the power of Feudal monarchs
-Increased the use of money
The Crusading spirit
-Continued long after the fourth crusade
-Slowly took back land from Muslims (known as the Reconquista)
Learning, Literature, and the Arts
Medieval Universities
-As economic and political conditions improved, more education was needed
-Students traveled from one city to another learning different things in each
-Some studied theology (Religion)
Student life
-Students ate a small supper and went to bed
-students sat for hours on hard benches
-To earn a degree took 3-6 years
-Women were not allowed to go to universities
Europeans Acquire "New" Learning
Christian scholars known as scholastics, tried to resolve the conflict between faith
and reason
-Method known as scholasticism, used reason to support Christian beliefs
Thomas Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica
-Faith and reason he concluded existed in harmony
-Brought together Christian faith, and Greek philosophy
Medieval Literature
Vernacular-ordinary languages of ordinary people (French, German, and Italian)
The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer
-Story of English pilgrims on their way to Thomas Beckett's tomb
-Dante wrote the Divine comedy
-Takes journey from purgatory into hell
Splendors in Stone (Cathedrals)
Romanesque strength
-churches, built with thick walls and towers
Gothic Grace
-very tall buildings
-became a competition between cities to see who could build the best
cathedral
Cathedrals became known as "Bibles of stone" because of carvings, and stain
glass windows that told stories (helped educate the illiterate)
The Black Death
A Time of Crisis
-Black death (Bubonic plague) was a disease spread by fleas on rats
-Fleas would jump from rats onto people traveling West
-Disease moved very fast
-Unsanitary conditions in homes and towns made the disease spread
-Convulsive coughing
-Spat blood
Social Upheaval
-Some turned to magic and witchcraft for cures
-Saw it as God's punishment
-Christians blamed Jews for the plague
-Thousands were slaughtered
Economic Results
-Economy went straight down
-Survivors demanded higher wages and prices went up
Upheaval in the Church
-Spiritual crisis and upheaval in the church
-Faced with the question "why did God kill some, and spare others?"
Divisions within the Catholic Church
1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in Southern France
-Remained there for 70 years under French domination (Babylonian Captivity)
-For decades, two or three Popes claimed to be the voice of God
New Heresies
England, John Wycliffe an Oxford professor attacked church corruption
-Said the Bible, not the church was the source of all Christian truth
-translated the Bible into English
-Church persecuted Wycliffe
Jan Hus- carried ideas of reform to Bohemia
The Hundred Years' War
Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts
-English rulers had fought for centuries to hold onto French lands
-French rulers wanted to extend their land/power
-Economic rivalry
-National pride
Joan of Arc
-Led the French to several victories
-Taken captive by the English
-Tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake
Outcomes
-French kings expanded their land
-England lost its French lands