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Transcript
APPLYING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Lab Protein synthesis is the process used by the body to make proteins. The first step of protein synthesis is called Transcription. It occurs in the nucleus. During transcription, mRNA transcribes (copies) DNA. DNA is “unzipped” and the mRNA strand copies a strand of DNA. Once it does this, mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm. mRNA will then attach itself to a ribosome. The strand of mRNA is then read in order to make protein. They are read 3 bases at a time. These bases are called codons. tRNA is the does the fetching. It brings the amino acids to the ribosome to help make the protein. The 3 bases on tRNA are called anti-codons. Remember, amino acids are the building blocks for protein. On the mRNA strand, there are start and stop codons. Your body knows where to start and stop making certain proteins. Just like when we read a sentence, we know when to start reading by the capitalized word and when to stop by the period. PART 1: Answer the following questions 1. What is the first step of protein synthesis? _________________________________________________ 2. What is the second step of protein synthesis? _______________________________________________ 3. Where does the first step of protein synthesis occur? _________________________________________ 4. Where does the second step of protein synthesis occur? _______________________________________ 5. Nitrogen bases are read ________ bases at a time. 6. The bases on the mRNA strand are called ____________________________ 7. The bases on tRNA are called _________________________________ 8. What is the start codon? _________________________ 9. What are the stop codons? _______________________ 10. Various amino acids strung together makes _______________________ PART 2: Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence. 1. DNA CCT TAC CGG GTA TAT ATG ACA TTG TCC ATA mRNA ________________________________________________________________ amino acids________________________________________________________________ 2. DNA AGA TAA CTC ACA TAA CCA CTC TGA GGA GCA mRNA _______________________________________________________________ amino acids _______________________________________________________________ 3. DNA TAC GGG TAT CGC CTT TGA CGT GTA GCC ATC mRNA ________________________________________________________________ amino acids_________________________________________________________________ PART 3: Use the Universal Genetic Code Chart (codon table) to complete the DNA triplets, mRNA codons, tRNA anticodons, and amino acids in the table below. DNA triplet mRNA codon AAG tRNA (anticodon) Amino Acid GGC CAG UUA AAA GTA CUC ACA TAT AGC AUU CCA GGC PART 4: Answer the following questions using your understanding of the science that you have learned: 1. Explain what a mutation is. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain specifically why mutations can be harmful. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Let’s say that part of the nitrogen base code for a gene is AGG and a copying error occurs. The new code is AGT. What type of mutation is that? Prove your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Will the above mutation have an effect on the body? Explain why or why not. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. If the copying error for AGG is TGG, will the mutation have an effect on the body? Explain why or why not. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ PART 5: Practice Regents Question:
