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Chapter 3: Section 3 – Carbon Compounds A. Building Blocks of Cells 1. The parts of a cell are made of large, complex molecules called __________________ ____________ _______________. 2. Large, complex biomolecules or organic molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called ___________________. 3. These simple molecules or monomers are like Lego blocks, which can be used to build a variety of different toys. B. Carbon Compounds 1. Biomolecules contain atoms of _____________. 2. Carbon atoms have _______ valence electrons in their outermost shell, so they can form four ______________ bonds with many other atoms such as ____________, ____________, _______________, ______________, ______________, and ________________. C. Carbohydrates – provide cells with energy. 1. Foods that contain carbohydrates are… 2. _______________________ are molecules made of _________________. 3. Sugars contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of ____ : ____ : ____. 4. ______________, a common sugar found in grape juice, is a “single sugar” or ___________________. 5. The term ______________________ means “sugar”. 6. When 2 single sugars or monosaccharides are joined together a _________________________ is formed. 7. Examples of disaccharides are __________________ - table sugar __________________ - milk sugar found in milk 8. When many single sugars are bonded together a _________________________ is formed. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin. 9. Monosaccharides & disaccharides are considered to be ______________ carbohydrates, while polysaccharides are considered to be _____________________ carbohydrates. 10. Your cells use carbohydrates for _________________, structural/______________ materials, & ____________ identification. 11. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans. Organisms release ____________________ energy for their activities by breaking down glucose. Plants make glucose during the process of ____________________________ & use it for energy. Plants can also store extra glucose by converting it into ___________________. This is what trees & other plants in our area use for energy during the winter. Animals store their extra glucose in the polysaccharide ____________________, which they store in their __________________ & ________________. 12. Carbohydrates can also be used as building materials. The shells of lobsters, crabs, & insects contain the polysaccharide _________________. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of ______________________ and __________________ (2 types of fungi). The _____________ _______________ of plants contain bundles of the polysaccharide ____________________. D. Lipids – store energy for cells; phospholipids form cell membranes; cushion organs & insulate the body. 1. Lipids are another group of biomolecules/organic molecules which includes ______, ________________, _________, ________ and _________. 2. Lipids ______________ water, which means that _______________ are nonpolar molecules and water is a ________________ molecule. 3. The main functions of lipids are _________________ ________________________________________________. 4. The main purpose of fats is to _________________. 5. When there’s a lot of food available, animals (including humans) convert/change the excess food into _________ for long-term energy storage. How do animals get energy when food is scarce? 6. Plants store their lipid molecules as oils; name some common household oils. __________________ 7. Why do plant seeds contain oil? __________________ _________________________________________________ 8. Oils are ______________ at room temperature while fats are ______________ at room temperature. 9. The cell membrane of all cells is made of a special type of lipid called a ____________________________. 10. The _________ & _____________ of plants are covered by a thin layer of _________, which is another type of _____________. Explain what this layer of wax does for the plant __________________ __________________________________________________ 11. Do animals form wax? Site an example. ________ __________________________________________________ E. Proteins – form cell membranes; form our chromosomes; are enzymes that allow chemical reactions to occur in cells. 1. Proteins are long chains of __________ _________ monomers/building blocks, which bond together. 2. Functions of proteins include: (identify 5 functions) ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 3. There are 20 different amino acids that are used to build all of our proteins & the proteins of all living things. They are like the ______ letters of our alphabet which can be used to make _______________________________________ of words. 4. A special type of covalent bond called a _____________ bond joins the amino acids together. 5. How do we get the amino acids we need to build our proteins? ___________________________________ 6. What parts of the cow in Figure 12 are made of protein? ________________________________________ 7. Scientific name for proteins is __________________. F. Nucleic Acids – form our chromosomes & carry hereditary information (DNA), help cells make proteins (RNA). 1. All of your cells contain ________________ ________. 2. A nucleic acid is made of a long chain of ____________________; the monomers or building blocks of nucleic acids. 3. A nucleotide is made of 3 parts: _______________, a _______________ base, & a ______________________ group. 4. A typical nucleotide: 5. DNA or ________________________ _______ carries the ____________ code or genes of an organism. 6. RNA or _____________________ _______ receives information from DNA & is involved in helping our cells make proteins. 7. ______________ _________ such as DNA & RNA store & transmit hereditary information. 8. Another important nucleotide is ______ or adenosine triphosphate. Cells need a steady supply of _______ in order to function. (We will learn more about ATP later on this year.)