Download Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and
Proteins
Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon has unique properties
• “the building block of life”
– Basis of most molecules that make up ALL living
things
• Each carbon atom has 4 unpaired electrons in
its outermost “shell”
– Can form 4 covalent bonds with four other atoms
• Carbon, like other atoms, can also form bonds
with itself
– Some examples of this are nitrogen (N2, H2 )
• Carbon-based molecules can take on three
different structures:
• Carbon chains and carbon rings can bond
together to form very large, complex
molecules-- ___________________
• Made up of smaller molecules that bond
together.
THINK. PAIR. SHARE.
Think of a real-world example that smaller parts
can be put together to form a whole.
• The small building blocks that are pieced
together are called
• Many monomers are bonded together to form
what we call a polymer
• The macromolecules we have studied ARE
polymers.
• The three macromolecules provide us with
different amounts of energy—as we learned in
yesterday’s calorie lab.
By just looking at these molecules, which do you think
provides us with the most energy? How do you know?
Carbohydrates
• Fruits and grains contain
large amounts of
carbohydrates.
• The most basic monomers
that build carbohydrates are
sugars, such as glucose.
• Monosaccharides – one
Disaccharides – two
Polysaccharides-- many
Carbo = carbon; hydrate = water
– (CH2O)n
• Carbohydrates store energy in chemical bonds
• Two monosaccharides = a disaccharide
• Functions: energy storage and structural
support (cell walls in plants and cells)
Fats / Lipids
• Fats and oils are
examples of lipids (ex:
butter, meats, oils).
• Most lipids contain
fatty acids
– Saturated fat
– Unsaturated fat
Lipid Structure: Triglycerides and
Phospholipids
Functions of Lipids
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Energy storage
Membrane structure
Protection against desiccation (drying out)
Insulating against cold
Absorbing shock
Regulation of cell activities through hormones
Proteins
• A huge variety of proteins exist
• Proteins have very specific functions
throughout the body
• 20 amino acids (monomers) that bond
together to form proteins (polymers)
– Interestingly, our bodies can only make 12 of the
amino acids, we need the other 8 from eating
foods.
Protein Structure
Four levels: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Primary
• A unique sequence of amino acids joined by
peptide bonds
– A string
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Functions of Proteins
• Enzymes: something that speeds up a chemical
reaction
• Structural components
• Specific binding proteins (antibodies)
• Carrier proteins (used to transport substances
throughout our bodies)
– Hemoglobin carried oxygen
• Contraction in our muscles
• Signaling (hormones)
– Example: regulating insulin levels
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids work together to MAKE proteins
• Monomer: nucleotides
• Two types of Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Functions of Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary information
• allow living organisms to reproduce from
generation to generation.