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Heart Anatomy Approximately the size of ___________________ Location In the mediastinum, the _________________________________ On the superior surface of ___________________________ _____________________ to the left of the midsternal line __________________ to the vertebral column, ______________ to the sternum Enclosed in pericardium, a ______________________________ Pericardium and Layers of the Heart Wall: see foldable Chambers, Atria: The Receiving Chambers, and Ventricles: The Discharging Chambers: see foldable Pathway of Blood Through the Heart The heart is two _________________________________________ Right side is the pump for the _______________________ circuit receives oxygen-poor blood from _______________ through the large superior and inferior ______________________ and pumps it out through the _________________________ pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary _______ that carry blood to the ______________ where ___________ is picked up and _____________ is unloaded oxygen-rich blood drains from lungs and is returned to ______ side of heart through the four pulmonary _______ Left side is the pump for the _______________________ circuit pumps blood out of heart into the ___________ from which systemic arteries branch to supply ____________________ supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to all body organs thus walls are ______________ than right side Pathway of Blood Through the Heart Right atrium ___________________ right __________________ Right ventricle pulmonary ______________________ pulmonary ____________ pulmonary ____________ lungs Lungs pulmonary _______________ left _____________ Left atrium _________________ valve left ________________ Left ventricle ______________________ valve _________ Aorta _______________ circulation Cardiac Circulation Blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left _________________________________ that branch from the base of the ________________ and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) and the junction of the atria and ventricles Coronary arteries and their major branches are _________________ when ventricles are contracting and _______ when heart is relaxed Myocardium is drained by ___________________ that empty into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart called the coronary ____ Coronary sinus empties into the right _____________ Heart Valves Ensure _____________________ blood flow through the heart Atrioventricular (AV) valves Prevent backflow into the ________ when ventricles contract Tricuspid valve (____________) Bicuspid valve (____________) Chordae tendineae anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles preventing them from ___________________________________ Semilunar (SL) valves Prevent backflow into the ______________ when ventricles relax ___________ semilunar valve ____________ semilunar valve AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when ventricles are contracting, SL valves are opposite Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle cells are ________________, short, fat, __________, and interconnected Connective tissue matrix (_________________) connects to the fibrous skeleton Numerous large _____________________ (25–35% of cell volume) Intercalated discs: junctions between cells ______________________ __________________________ prevent cells from separating during contraction __________________________ allow ions to pass; electrically couple adjacent cells Heart muscle behaves as a functional __________________ Cardiac Muscle Contraction ___________________ of the heart is rhythmic and spontaneous Depolarization opens voltage-gated fast _______________________ in the sarcolemma _____________________ of membrane potential occurs Depolarization wave in T tubules causes the SR to release _______ Depolarization wave also opens slow ___________________ in the sarcolemma Ca2+ surge _______________ the depolarization phase (plateau) Ca2+ influx triggers ___________ of Ca2+sensitive channels in the SR, which liberates bursts of Ca2+ E-C coupling occurs as Ca2+ binds to _______________ and sliding of the filaments begins Duration of the AP and the contractile phase is much ____________ in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle ____________________ results from inactivation of Ca2+ channels and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels