Download ap150 heart study guide

AP150 HEART STUDY GUIDE
READ
TEXTBOOK: CH 22
 Pgs 655-675
 Table 22.1, 22.3 &, Figures 22.12, 22.13, 22.14 ARE GREAT SUMMARIES
Visual Analogy Guide
 Pg 184-189
MAIN OBJECTIVES
 Describe the major structures of the heart and their associated functions
 Describe the path of blood through the heart
 Describe the basic cardiac cycle and events caused by contraction and relaxation of the heart’s
chambers
 Describe the innervation of the heart and basic sensory and motor control components
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Describe the location and orientation of the heart and its position relative to other thoracic structures
(e.g., thoracic cage, esophagus, trachea, lungs, mediastinum, diaphragm).
2. List the three membranes that surround the heart from outermost to innermost.
3. What is the fibrous pericardium and what are the functions of the fibrous pericardium?
4. What kind of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?
5. What is the myocardium? What kind of tissue is it made of?
6. What is the space between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium called?
7. Very briefly, what is cardiac tamponade?
8. Be able to identify, describe, describe relative positions, and functions (if appropriate) the following
structures:
Inferior vena cava
Auricles
Pulmonary valves
Coronary sinus
Superior vena cava
Trabeculae carneae
Aortic valves
Coronary sulcus
Coronary sinus
Papillary muscles
Aorta
Anterior and posterior
Right ventricle
Cordae tendoneae
Interventricular
interventricular sulcus
Right atrium
Pulmonary trunk
septum
Ligamentum
Interatrial septum
Pulmonary veins
Aortic and pulmonary
arteriosum
Fossa ovalis
Left atrium
sinuses
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid(mitral)
Coronary arteries
Pectinate muscle
valve
Cardiac veins
9. What is the pulmonary circuit?
10. What is the systemic circuit?
11. What is an artery?
12. What is a vein?
13. What is the general oxygen and carbon dioxide content of a systemic vein? Systemic artery?
14. What is the general oxygen and carbon dioxide content of a pulmonary vein? Pulmonary artery?
15. Describe the path a drop of blood takes through the heart including all the valves, chambers and
vessels it passes through (in correct order).
16. What condition/disorder arrises when the left side and right side of the heart are not keeping pace
with one another?
17. What is the relationship between the volume of a space (e.g., chamber of the heart) and the
pressure inside that space?
18. When the volume of a space decreases what happens to the pressure? When volume increases
what happens to pressure?
19. What is systole? Diastole?
20. What event is responsible for 70-80% of ventricular filling?
21. When the AV valves open what is the relative pressure of the ventricles compared to the atria?
22. When the AV valves close what is the relative pressure of the ventricles compared to the atria?
23. When the semilunar valves open what is the relative pressure of the ventricles compared to the
aorta and pulmonary trunk?
24. When the semilunar valves close what is the relative pressure of the ventricles compared to the
aorta and pulmonary trunk?
25. When the pressure in the ventricles is less then the atria what happens to the flow of blood?
26. When pressure in the ventricles is greater then in the arteries what happens to the flow of blood
27. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle and how they cause the heart to fill with blood and pump
blood out (just put together questions 13-22)
28. What cause the heart sounds (i.e., lubb dupp)?
29. What is a murmur?
30. What is the function of the chordae tendoneae?
31. What is the function of the AV valves?
32. What is the function of the Semilunar valves?
33. List the function(s) of the fibrous skeleton, where it is found, and what general tissue is made of.
34. Describe the structure and specializations of cardiac muscle cells
35. What aspects of cardiac muscle cell structure helps the cells spread electrical impulses to other
cells?
36. What aspect of cardiac muscle cell structure helps connect the cells strongly to one another so
they can transmit tension?
37. Why do the cardiac muscle cells work like one big functional unit? What is the term for this
phenomena/arrangement?
38. List the structures of the heart’s conduction system in the order that an electrical impulse would
pass through them?
39. Which part of the conduction system is the natural/intrinsic pacemaker in a normal functioning
heart?
40. In which part of the conduction system does the electrical impulse slow down?
41. What is it important that the electrical impulse/action potential slow down as it passes from atria
to ventricles?
42. Why does the electrical impulse slow down as it passes through the AV node?
43. Why is it important that the conduction system of the heart travels to the apex and then doubles
back along the external walls?
44. What cranial nerve provides motor innervations to the heart? Is that nerve primarily SD or PD?
45. Describe the sympathetic innervation of the heart.
46. What effect does sympathetic division signaling have on heart rate?
47. What effect does parasympathetic division signaling have on heart rate?
48. What is the difference in the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle compared to the left
ventricle? What is the reason for this difference?
49. Is the pulmonary circuit a high or low pressure circuit? Why?
50. Is the systemic circuit high or low pressure? Why?
51. Describe the path of coronary circulation and why blood flows during the relaxation
phase/diastole.
52. What vessels deliver blood to the myocardium?
53. What vessels drain blood (carry blood away from) the myocardium?
54. Are the coronary vessels highly anastomosed? What function does this serve?
55. What is a myocardial infarction and what is its relationship with the coronary arteries?
56. What part of the brain has the cardiac control center (i.e., what part of the brain regulates the
heart)?
57. What two nerves send sensory information to the medulla about blood pressure and blood
chemistry?
58. What kind of receptors are involved with regulation of the heart? Where are those receptors
located?
QUESTIONS FROM TEXT:
#1-5, 7-10,
Content Review #6