Download Physiology, Health & Exercise

Physiology, Health &
Exercise
 Physiology and diseases of the
cardiovascular system
Energy balance and obesity
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis
Introduction
Exercise has wide ranging effects on the body
and the mind.
In particular, it can reduce your risk of major
diseases such as coronary heart disease
(CHD), stroke, obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and
Osteoporosis.
 An active lifestyle will not only reduce your risk
of developing these diseases but also give you
a sense of well being and confidence.
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Structure & Function of the
cardiovascular system
The heart is the central organ of the CVS pumping
blood to the lungs and the other tissues of the body.
The primary purpose is to move substances around
the body
The blood can only reach these tissues by passing
through blood vessels, the other vital component of
the CVS.
The CVS supplies all the cells of the body with nutrient
and oxygen-rich blood and removes carbon
dioxide which would otherwise kill cells.
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Heart Structure
4 chambers
Atria at top
Ventricles at bottom
Muscular pump composed of cardiac muscle
Can beat without input from the nervous system
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Heart Structure
The cardiovascular system is closed as blood is
transported within blood vessels.
It is also described as a double circulatory
system because in one complete circulation of
the body blood goes through the heart twice.
The left ventricle wall of the heart is thicker than
the right as it is pumping blood around the
whole body compared to only the lungs.
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Heart Structure
Having a double circulation reduces the time
taken for the blood to circulate the whole body
and allows mammals to have a higher basal
metabolic rate (BMR)
The right side (RA) of the heart receives
deoxygenated blood from the body and it
passes it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
The left side (LA) receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs and passes it to the rest of the
body.
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Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary artery
RV
Pulmonary vein
lungs
LA
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Systemic Circuit
Major
organs
Aorta
LV
Vena Cava
RA
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Valves of the Heart
The valves between the atria and ventricles are
known as atrio-ventricular valves (AV valves)
as they prevent the back flow of blood into the
atria when the ventricles contract.
Between RA & RV- tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
Between LA & LV- bicuspid valve (2 flaps)- also
called mitral valve
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Valves of the Heart
The semi-lunar valves are found at the origins
of the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Between RV and pulmonary artery- pulmonary
valve
Between LV and aorta- aortic valve
Open when ventricles contract to allow blood
flow into the arteries
Close when arterial pressure falls to prevent
blood flowing back into the ventricles when
they relax.
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Valves of the Heart
The heart valves closing cause the lub-dub
sound heard with a stethoscope
A “heart murmur”“sloshing sound” as
valves not closing properly
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Heart Dissection
Heart dissection
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