GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... cessation in firing appeared to be immediate, within ~5 ms. The time that the omnipause neuron remained quiet depended on the intensity of the cortical stimulus and lasted up to 30 ms after a train of three stimulus pulses lasting a total of 6 ms at an intensity of 1,000 PA. Low-intensity, longer du ...
... cessation in firing appeared to be immediate, within ~5 ms. The time that the omnipause neuron remained quiet depended on the intensity of the cortical stimulus and lasted up to 30 ms after a train of three stimulus pulses lasting a total of 6 ms at an intensity of 1,000 PA. Low-intensity, longer du ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... 1995) has examined the general distribution of PV projections “with special emphasis on the projections to the hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian ...
... 1995) has examined the general distribution of PV projections “with special emphasis on the projections to the hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After ...
... conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... accumbenssepti (NAS) in mediating cocaine self-administration behaviors. The NAS, a substantialcomponent of the “ventral striatum” (Heimer and Wilson, 1975) is a pivotal structure connecting limbic and basalganglia systems.The NAS in rats receivesabundant afferent connectionsfrom the prelimbic corte ...
... accumbenssepti (NAS) in mediating cocaine self-administration behaviors. The NAS, a substantialcomponent of the “ventral striatum” (Heimer and Wilson, 1975) is a pivotal structure connecting limbic and basalganglia systems.The NAS in rats receivesabundant afferent connectionsfrom the prelimbic corte ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... September 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011.—Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system also functions for host defense from invading pathogens b ...
... September 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011.—Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system also functions for host defense from invading pathogens b ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
... Most models of learning and memory assume that memories are maintained in neuronal circuits by persistent synaptic modifications induced by specific patterns of pre- and postsynaptic activity. For this scenario to be viable, synaptic modifications must survive the ubiquitous ongoing activity present ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... September 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011.—Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system also functions for host defense from invading pathogens b ...
... September 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011.—Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system also functions for host defense from invading pathogens b ...
Paper
... Figures 1Ad). The general location of this boundary is consistent with the demarcation reported for the marmoset (Paxinos et al., 2012), but the presence of detached cell clusters (green arrowheads in Figures 1Ac,d) precluded volumetric measurement or direct comparisons between species. Cytochrome o ...
... Figures 1Ad). The general location of this boundary is consistent with the demarcation reported for the marmoset (Paxinos et al., 2012), but the presence of detached cell clusters (green arrowheads in Figures 1Ac,d) precluded volumetric measurement or direct comparisons between species. Cytochrome o ...
PDF
... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... throughout the entire auditory cortex, I found that residual auditory tuning and tonotopy in the rewired auditory cortex were compromised. Auditory tuning curves were broader and tonotopic maps were disrupted in the experimental animals. Because lateral inhibition is proposed to contribute to refine ...
... throughout the entire auditory cortex, I found that residual auditory tuning and tonotopy in the rewired auditory cortex were compromised. Auditory tuning curves were broader and tonotopic maps were disrupted in the experimental animals. Because lateral inhibition is proposed to contribute to refine ...
Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis
... dominant is the result for the overall process. The boundary between more or less extrinsic regulators and the transcription factors and other parts of the genetic machinery that execute their programmed action is obviously blurred because any extrinsic factor must ultimately act on an intrinsic sys ...
... dominant is the result for the overall process. The boundary between more or less extrinsic regulators and the transcription factors and other parts of the genetic machinery that execute their programmed action is obviously blurred because any extrinsic factor must ultimately act on an intrinsic sys ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... traditional understanding of cortico-cortical communication, it is suggested that direct cortico-cortical pathways may be providing some other function (e.g., modulatory; Sherman and Guillery, 2006). Hence it has been proposed that the higher order nuclei, which are well developed in humans, have a ...
... traditional understanding of cortico-cortical communication, it is suggested that direct cortico-cortical pathways may be providing some other function (e.g., modulatory; Sherman and Guillery, 2006). Hence it has been proposed that the higher order nuclei, which are well developed in humans, have a ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... progresses slowly relative to the ischemic core and cell death may take hours to days following stroke onset, depending on the severity and duration of ischemia (Dirnagl et al., 1999; Jones et al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is po ...
... progresses slowly relative to the ischemic core and cell death may take hours to days following stroke onset, depending on the severity and duration of ischemia (Dirnagl et al., 1999; Jones et al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is po ...
Glutamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex increases depressive
... about 121 million people affected worldwide. Of people who experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; ...
... about 121 million people affected worldwide. Of people who experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... may take up to 20 minutes. While the anodal stimulation increases the neuronal excitability by depolarizing the cell wall, cathodal stimulation lowers neuronal excitability by hyperpolarizing the cell wall (26). However, since there are many cortical cell types in the brain, the combined effect of t ...
... may take up to 20 minutes. While the anodal stimulation increases the neuronal excitability by depolarizing the cell wall, cathodal stimulation lowers neuronal excitability by hyperpolarizing the cell wall (26). However, since there are many cortical cell types in the brain, the combined effect of t ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... various synaptic conductance strengths for which L4 FS neurons actively suppress baseline and ...
... various synaptic conductance strengths for which L4 FS neurons actively suppress baseline and ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... AV and AT, Table 1). We then made direct comparisons in two cases after injections of distinct £uorescent tracers in both orbitofrontal and temporal areas (cases BA and BC). This method allowed simultaneous visualization of the populations of neurons in the amygdala projecting to temporal and orbito ...
... AV and AT, Table 1). We then made direct comparisons in two cases after injections of distinct £uorescent tracers in both orbitofrontal and temporal areas (cases BA and BC). This method allowed simultaneous visualization of the populations of neurons in the amygdala projecting to temporal and orbito ...
Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice
... other was white with a textured floor to create equally preferred compartments. Place conditioning was conducted using an unbiased procedure. The CPP paradigm took place in nine consecutive days, which consisted of three phases: familiarization and preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning ...
... other was white with a textured floor to create equally preferred compartments. Place conditioning was conducted using an unbiased procedure. The CPP paradigm took place in nine consecutive days, which consisted of three phases: familiarization and preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... suggesting either the course of entering fibres of passage, or that the PIm does not extend to the ventral margin of the pulvinar in this location. The zones of label in the PICM and PIp also extended dorsally past the brachium of the superior colliculus, the traditional dorsal boundary of the infer ...
... suggesting either the course of entering fibres of passage, or that the PIm does not extend to the ventral margin of the pulvinar in this location. The zones of label in the PICM and PIp also extended dorsally past the brachium of the superior colliculus, the traditional dorsal boundary of the infer ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... the overestimation of time delays, whereas the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to underestimation of delays [15,16]. Individuals with higher time sensitivity are also more sensitive to stimulant-induced euphoria, suggesting overlapping dopaminergic mechanisms for internal clock and re ...
... the overestimation of time delays, whereas the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to underestimation of delays [15,16]. Individuals with higher time sensitivity are also more sensitive to stimulant-induced euphoria, suggesting overlapping dopaminergic mechanisms for internal clock and re ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... called excitotoxity. The postsynaptic neuron degenerates and without any contacts, the presynaptic neuron will form an altered projection creating an excitatory feedback loop, known as mossy fiber sprouting. This is what happens with granule cells in the hippocampus after head injury or epileptic se ...
... called excitotoxity. The postsynaptic neuron degenerates and without any contacts, the presynaptic neuron will form an altered projection creating an excitatory feedback loop, known as mossy fiber sprouting. This is what happens with granule cells in the hippocampus after head injury or epileptic se ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... were stimulated selectively by 30 s injections of a CO2-saturated 0.9 per cent saline solution (range 0.521.0 ml) delivered just below the sinus via a catheter inserted into the external carotid artery. Central chemoreceptors were stimulated by 30 s injections (trials) of CO2-saturated saline (range ...
... were stimulated selectively by 30 s injections of a CO2-saturated 0.9 per cent saline solution (range 0.521.0 ml) delivered just below the sinus via a catheter inserted into the external carotid artery. Central chemoreceptors were stimulated by 30 s injections (trials) of CO2-saturated saline (range ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, which leads to the formation of an asymmetric shaft synapse. Then a spine emerges at that site with a mature synapse at its head (Fiala 1996). The third theory shows continued spine turnover thro ...
... form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, which leads to the formation of an asymmetric shaft synapse. Then a spine emerges at that site with a mature synapse at its head (Fiala 1996). The third theory shows continued spine turnover thro ...